实现癌症免疫治疗的临床前景受制于我们对治疗反应机制和治疗限制毒性的现场知识的差距。需要在体前临床模型系统和技术来解决这些知识差距，并克服在免疫治疗的临床应用中面临的挑战。小鼠常用于基础和转化研究，以支持免疫干预的开发和测试，包括癌症。在这里，我们讨论了目前模型的优势和局限性以及未来发展。版权所有©2023 Elsevier Inc.。

Realizing the clinical promise of cancer immunotherapy is hindered by gaps in our knowledge of in vivo mechanisms underlying treatment response as well as treatment limiting toxicity. Preclinical in vivo model systems and technologies are required to address these knowledge gaps and to surmount the challenges faced in the clinical application of immunotherapy. Mice are commonly used for basic and translational research to support development and testing of immune interventions, including for cancer. Here, we discuss the advantages and the limitations of current models as well as future developments.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.