抗中性粒细胞胞浆自身抗体（ANCA）相关血管炎（AAV）是一种主要影响小血管的坏死性血管炎。研究表明，T细胞在AAV的发病机制中非常重要，包括调节性T细胞（Treg）和辅助T细胞（Th），特别是Th2，Th17和滤泡性Th细胞（Tfh）。此外，T细胞衰竭预示着AAV的良好预后。免疫检查点（IC）是一组共刺激和共抑制分子，表达在T细胞表面，维持T细胞的活化和衰竭之间的平衡。CD28，可诱导T细胞共刺激分子（ICOS），OX40，CD40L，糖皮质激素诱导的肿瘤坏死因子受体（GITR）和CD137是常见的共刺激分子，而程序性细胞死亡1（PD-1），细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关分子4（CTLA-4），T细胞免疫球蛋白（Ig）和粘膜含有蛋白3（TIM-3），B和T淋巴细胞减弱剂（BTLA），V域Ig抑制T细胞激活（VISTA），T细胞Ig和ITIM域（TIGIT），CD200和淋巴细胞活化基因3（LAG-3）属于共抑制分子。如果这种平衡被破坏并且T细胞的激活增加，可能会诱发自身免疫病（AIDs）。即使在治疗恶性肿瘤时，通过免疫检查点抑制剂（ICIs）激活T细胞也可能导致风湿性免疫相关不良事件（Rh-irAEs），表明IC在AIDs中的重要性。在本综述中，我们总结了使用ICIs诱导的AAV在恶性肿瘤患者中的特征，并回顾了不同IC的生物学特性。我们的目标是探索未来治疗AAV的IC潜在靶点。版权所有©2023 Pan，Zhao，Jin，Leung和Shuai。

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) associated vasculitis (AAV) is a necrotizing vasculitis mainly involving small blood vessels. It is demonstrated that T cells are important in the pathogenesis of AAV, including regulatory T cells (Treg) and helper T cells (Th), especially Th2, Th17, and follicular Th cells (Tfh). In addition, the exhaustion of T cells predicted the favorable prognosis of AAV. The immune checkpoints (ICs) consist of a group of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules expressed on the surface of T cells, which maintains a balance between the activation and exhaustion of T cells. CD28, inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS), OX40, CD40L, glucocorticoid induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), and CD137 are the common co-stimulatory molecules, while the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule 4 (CTLA-4), T cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA), V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), T-cell Ig and ITIM domain (TIGIT), CD200, and lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) belong to co-inhibitory molecules. If this balance was disrupted and the activation of T cells was increased, autoimmune diseases (AIDs) might be induced. Even in the treatment of malignant tumors, activation of T cells by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may result in AIDs known as rheumatic immune-related adverse events (Rh-irAEs), suggesting the importance of ICs in AIDs. In this review, we summarized the features of AAV induced by immunotherapy using ICIs in patients with malignant tumors, and then reviewed the biological characteristics of different ICs. Our aim was to explore potential targets in ICs for future treatment of AAV.Copyright © 2023 Pan, Zhao, Jin, Leung and Shuai.