尽管化疗已成为癌症的重要治疗方法，但免疫检查点阻断治疗的发展是一场革命，并且全面了解免疫肿瘤微环境（TME）变得至关重要。在这里，我们使用单细胞RNA测序研究了新辅助化疗（NAC）对人食管鳞状细胞癌TME中免疫细胞的影响。对30个新鲜样本的分析表明，CD8+/CD4+ T细胞、树突状细胞（DC）和巨噬细胞在人食管鳞状细胞癌TME中，在NAC(+)组中显示出更高水平的抗肿瘤免疫反应，而在NAC(-)组中则未见这种情况。此外，NAC(+)组的免疫细胞之间相互作用，通过不同的细胞因子如CD8+/CD4+ T细胞中的IFNG、DC中的EBI3和巨噬细胞中的NAMPT等增强了抗肿瘤免疫反应。我们的结果表明，NAC可能增强免疫细胞在TME中的抗肿瘤免疫反应。©2023作者。

Although chemotherapy has been an essential treatment for cancer, the development of immune checkpoint blockade therapy was revolutionary, and a comprehensive understanding of the immunological tumor microenvironment (TME) has become crucial. Here, we investigated the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) on immune cells in the TME of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using single cell RNA-sequencing. Analysis of 30 fresh samples revealed that CD8+/CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages in the TME of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma showed higher levels of an anti-tumor immune response in the NAC(+) group than in the NAC(-) group. Furthermore, the immune cells of the NAC(+) group interacted with each other resulting in enhanced anti-tumor immune response via various cytokines, including IFNG in CD8+/CD4+ T cells, EBI3 in DCs, and NAMPT in macrophages. Our results suggest that NAC potentially enhances the anti-tumor immune response of immune cells in the TME.© 2023 The Authors.