肾器官体外培养系统（肾器官样体）使人们能够模拟人的发育过程和疾病情况。尽管产生肾单位细胞系的方法已经被充分确立，但在过去的五年里，许多新的方案用于诱导尿管芽/集尿管细胞系的分化。许多研究已经描述了使用患者来源的或基因组编辑的肾器官样体模拟各种遗传性肾脏疾病的情况，其中多囊肾病是典型疾病。生成更加类器官样的肾器官样体也逐渐成为可能。在本综述中，我还会讨论更复杂的疾病模拟和实现生成可移植合成肾器官这一雄心勃勃目标所面临的重大挑战。版权所有© 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Kidney organoids have enabled modeling of human development and disease. While methods of generating the nephron lineage are well established, new protocols to induce another lineage, the ureteric bud/collecting duct, have been reported in the past 5 years. Many reports have described modeling of various hereditary kidney diseases, with polycystic kidney disease serving as the archetypal disease, by using patient-derived or genome-edited kidney organoids. The generation of more organotypic kidneys is also becoming feasible. In this review, I also discuss the significant challenges for more sophisticated disease modeling and for realizing the ambitious goal of generating transplantable synthetic kidneys.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.