肽疫苗通过靶向肿瘤抗原并激活患者的免疫系统来针对肿瘤细胞产生特异性反应，在癌症免疫治疗中展现了巨大的潜力。然而，肽疫苗在诱导持续的免疫反应和实现临床效益方面的功效仍然是一个重大挑战。在本综述中，我们讨论了肽疫苗在癌症免疫治疗中的当前状况以及提高其效力的策略。我们总结了预临床和临床设置中肽疫苗开发的最新进展，包括使用新型佐剂、新抗原、纳米递送系统和联合治疗。我们还强调了个体化癌症疫苗的重要性，这些疫苗考虑了个体患者的独特遗传和免疫特点。我们还讨论了增强肽疫苗免疫原性的策略，如多价肽、共轭肽、融合蛋白和自组装肽。尽管肽疫苗本身的免疫原性较弱，但将肽疫苗与其他免疫治疗方法结合使用，并开发个性化疫苗等新方法，可以显著提高其效力，改善癌症患者的临床预后。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier B.V. 保留所有权利。

Peptide vaccines have shown great potential in cancer immunotherapy by targeting tumor antigens and activating the patient's immune system to mount a specific response against cancer cells. However, the efficacy of peptide vaccines in inducing a sustained immune response and achieving clinical benefit remains a major challenge. In this review, we discuss the current status of peptide vaccines in cancer immunotherapy and strategies to improve their efficacy. We summarize the recent advancements in the development of peptide vaccines in pre-clinical and clinical settings, including the use of novel adjuvants, neoantigens, nano-delivery systems, and combination therapies. We also highlight the importance of personalized cancer vaccines, which consider the unique genetic and immunological profiles of individual patients. We also discuss the strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of peptide vaccines such as multivalent peptides, conjugated peptides, fusion proteins, and self-assembled peptides. Although, peptide vaccines alone are weak immunogens, combining peptide vaccines with other immunotherapeutic approaches and developing novel approaches such as personalized vaccines can be promising methods to significantly enhance their efficacy and improve the clinical outcomes for cancer patients.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.