在中国，原发性肝癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。绝大部分原发性肝癌为肝细胞癌。由于肝细胞癌的高发病率和高死亡率，它一直是一种令人恐惧的癌症。作为治疗晚期肝癌的重要手段之一，肝移植给患者带来了新的希望。然而，由于肝移植后患者处于免疫抑制状态，这些患者面临着肝细胞癌复发和转移的新问题。越来越多的研究已经证明，阻断PD-1/PD-L1信号通路并恢复T细胞的免疫杀伤抑制能够对肿瘤和慢性感染性疾病产生更好的治疗效果。作为肿瘤免疫治疗领域的一种有希望的治疗方法，PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂在肝癌患者中取得了重要的成果，但其在肝移植患者中的应用仍存在争议。本文将介绍PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的作用机制，并介绍与HCC移植中的免疫应答有关的PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的当前基础和临床研究。版权©2023 Ju，Wang，Huang，Jiang，Gao，Xiong和Zhai。

Primary liver cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in China. The vast majority of primary liver cancer are hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its high incidence and mortality from HCC, HCC has always been a feared type of cancer. Liver transplantation, as one of the important means to treat advanced liver cancer, has brought new hope to patients. However, as patients have been in a state of immunosuppression after liver transplantation, these patients face new problems of HCC recurrence and metastasis. A increasing number of studies have proved that blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and restoring the immune killing inhibition of T cells can produce better therapeutic effects on tumors and chronic infectious diseases. As a promising treatment in the field of tumor immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have achieved important results in liver cancer patients, but their application in liver transplantation patients is still highly controversial. This paper will introduce the mechanism of action of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and the current basic and clinical studies of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway associated with immune response in HCC transplantation.Copyright © 2023 Ju, Wang, Huang, Jiang, Gao, Xiong and Zhai.