前列腺癌（Prostate cancer，PCa）是全球男性普遍发生的恶性肿瘤。动物模型在研究PCa病理学和发现预防、检测和治疗该病的新方法中起着关键作用。然而，转化医学面临的挑战是动物模型中对人类病况有限的可重复性和不足的复制能力。因此，对不同动物物种前列腺腺体的巨观和微观解剖学全面了解对于将研究成果更好地转化到临床实践中至关重要。本综述旨在比较和描述人类、大鼠和狗的前列腺腺体的巨观和微观解剖学特征，强调相关特征。尽管这些物种之间存在解剖学差异，但大鼠是研究人类前列腺疾病非常有价值的模型，因为它们与人类患癌的某些特征相关。另一方面，由于出现自发性癌症的发生率较高以及骨转移的发展，狗被认为是研究PCa的最佳模型。此外，狗和人类的淋巴系统以及“哨兵”淋巴结的作用和映射方式相似。然而，重要的是要认识到没有动物模型可以直接模拟PCa的所有方面，因为人类前列腺在解剖学上与大鼠和狗有所不同。因此，在将研究成果转化到临床实践时，分析和了解种内和种间变异是至关重要的。本综述强调了在选择适合研究PCa的动物模型时，深入了解人类、大鼠和狗的前列腺腺体解剖学差异的重要性。

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent malignancy affecting men worldwide. Animal models play a crucial role in studying PCa pathology and discovering novel approaches to prevent, detect and treat this disease. However, the challenge of translational medicine is the limited reproducibility and inadequate recapitulation of human conditions in animal models. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the prostate gland among distinct animal species is essential for better translating research findings to clinical practice. This review aims to compare and describe the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the prostate gland in humans, rats, and dogs, emphasizing the relevant features. Despite the anatomical differences between these species, rats are a valuable model to study human prostate diseases, once they share some features implicated in carcinogenesis in humans. Dogs, on the other hand, are considered the best model for studying PCa due to the development of spontaneous cancer with a higher incidence when compared with other animals and the development of bone metastases. Moreover, the lymphatic system and the sentinel lymph node role and mapping are similar in dogs and humans. However, it is important to recognize that no animal model can directly mimic all aspects of PCa as the human prostate is anatomically different from that of rats and dogs. Therefore, it is essential to analyze and understand the intra- and interspecies variability when translating research findings into clinical practice. This review highlights the importance of a thorough understanding of the anatomical differences between the prostate gland in humans, rats, and dogs when selecting the appropriate animal model for studying PCa.