肝细胞癌是最常见的原发性肝癌，是导致死亡的主要原因之一，由于其异质性，治疗十分困难。传统的模型，如二维培养和患者源移植模型，未能显示出效果。然而，三维培养技术的发展，如器官样培养，可以模拟肿瘤微环境（TME），保留肿瘤细胞的异质性和病理生理特性，为治疗和研究提供了新的机会。器官样培养还具有生物标志物检测和个性化药物治疗的潜力，并且可以使用CRISPR / Cas9进行基因组编辑，以研究特定基因的行为和治疗干预。本综述探讨了截至目前为止在三维器官样培养中TME模型的发展，并讨论了在器官样培养中使用CRISPR / Cas9进行基因编辑所面临的挑战和前景。© 2023 Khawar等。

Hepatocellular carcinoma, the most common primary liver cancer and a leading cause of death, is a difficult disease to treat due to its heterogeneous nature. Traditional models, such as 2D culture and patient-derived xenografts, have not proven effective. However, the development of 3D culture techniques, such as organoids, which can mimic the tumor microenvironment (TME) and preserve heterogeneity and pathophysiological properties of tumor cells, offers new opportunities for treatment and research. Organoids also have the potential for biomarker detection and personalized medication, as well as genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 to study the behavior of certain genes and therapeutic interventions. This review explores to-the-date development of organoids with a focus on TME modeling in 3D organoid cultures. Further, it discusses gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 in organoids, the challenges faced, and the prospects in the field of organoids.© 2023 Khawar et al.