免疫原性细胞死亡（ICD）是一种特殊的细胞死亡方式，能释放免疫原性损伤相关的分子模式（DAMPs）和肿瘤相关抗原，以触发长期的保护性抗肿瘤免疫反应。因此，在肿瘤ICD级联中放大“吞噬信号”对于癌症免疫治疗至关重要。一些治疗方法（放疗、光动力疗法（PDT）、光热疗法（PTT）等）和诱导剂（化疗药物等）已经启动和/或促进了ICD，并激活了抗肿瘤免疫反应。最近，通过合并化疗药物、PDT的光敏剂、PTT的光热转化剂、放疗的放射增敏剂等，合成了基于纳米结构的药物输送系统，用于诱导ICD，能够在指定的地点、适当的时间释放药物，以提高效率并降低毒性。此外，与基于纳米结构的药物输送系统结合使用的免疫治疗药物能产生协同的抗肿瘤效应，从而增强免疫治疗。总的来说，我们的综述论述了新兴的ICD诱导剂以及通过化放疗、PDT和PTT或结合免疫治疗药物来诱导ICD的纳米结构药物输送系统装载多种药物。此外，我们讨论了利用基于ICD诱导的免疫治疗的前景和挑战，并强调多学科和跨领域的合作对于推动该治疗策略的最佳转化的重要性。© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a unique mode of cell death, which can release immunogenic damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor-associated antigens to trigger long-term protective antitumor immune responses. Thus, amplifying "eat me signal" during tumor ICD cascade is critical for cancer immunotherapy. Some therapies (radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), etc.) and inducers (chemotherapeutic agents, etc.) have enabled to initiate and/or facilitate ICD and activate antitumor immune responses. Recently, nanostructure-based drug delivery systems have been synthesized for inducing ICD through combining treatment of chemotherapeutic agents, photosensitizers for PDT, photothermal transformation agents for PTT, radiosensitizers for radiotherapy, etc., which can release loaded agents at an appropriate dosage in the designated place at the appropriate time, contributing to higher efficiency and lower toxicity. Also, immunotherapeutic agents in combination with nanostructure-based drug delivery systems can produce synergetic antitumor effects, thus potentiating immunotherapy. Overall, our review outlines the emerging ICD inducers, and nanostructure drug delivery systems loading diverse agents to evoke ICD through chemoradiotherapy, PDT, and PTT or combining immunotherapeutic agents. Moreover, we discuss the prospects and challenges of harnessing ICD induction-based immunotherapy, and highlight the significance of multidisciplinary and interprofessional collaboration to promote the optimal translation of this treatment strategy.© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.