为了评估癌症患儿伴发嗜中性粒细胞减少热症的例行尿液检查的必要性，我们进行了一项前瞻性观察研究。该研究在2019年11月至2021年10月期间在两家医院进行，共招募了205名患者。主要观察指标为尿培养（UC）的阳性结果。尿路感染（UTI）定义为具有尿液征象/症状和阳性尿培养的情况，可以有或没有脓尿。我们提供了数据的描述性分析。我们对具备排尿能力的儿科癌症患者进行了前瞻性研究。数据采用描述性统计学进行分析。我们以阳性尿培养为“金标准”，计算了尿液分析的诊断性能。在205名患者中，有7例患者出现了阳性尿培养（3.4%；95% CI 1.4%至6.9%），其中2例出现了尿路症状。UTI的患病率为1.0%（95% CI 0.1%至3.5%）。与没有症状或病史的患者相比（95% CI 0.1%至3.9%），伴有尿路症状和/或尿路疾病病史的患者中阳性尿培养的患病率为23.8%（95% CI 8.2%至47.2%）（p<0.001）。尿液分析的敏感性、特异性、阴性预测值和曲线下面积分别为16.7%（95% CI 3.0%至56.4%）、98.4%（95% CI 95.3%至99.4%）、97.3%（95% CI 93.9%至98.9%）和0.65（95% CI 0.51至0.79）。在这些患者中，UTI并不常见。只有在伴有尿路征象/症状的儿童和无症状但有尿路疾病病史或无法确定病史的患者才需要进行尿液分析。在收集尿液时，无论尿液分析的结果如何，都应该要求进行尿培养。© 作者（或其雇主）2023。不得进行商业再利用。有关版权和权限，请查看BMJ出版的相关内容。

To evaluate the need for routine urine studies in children with febrile neutropenia with cancer.A prospective, observational study was conducted in two hospitals between November 2019 and October 2021.We recruited 205 patients in total.The primary outcome was presence of positive urine culture (UC). Urinary tract infection (UTI) was defined as urinary signs/symptoms and positive UC with or without pyuria. A descriptive analysis of data is provided.We conducted a prospective study of paediatric patients with cancer with urinary continence. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The diagnostic performance of urinalysis was calculated using positive UC as the gold standard.Positive UC was found in 7 of the 205 patients (3.4%; 95% CI 1.4% to 6.9%), 2 presenting urinary symptoms. UTI prevalence was 1.0% (95% CI 0.1% to 3.5%). A 23.8% prevalence of positive UC was found in patients with urinary symptoms and/or history of urinary tract disease (95% CI 8.2% to 47.2%) as compared with 1.1% of those without symptoms or history (95% CI 0.1% to 3.9%) (p<0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and area under the curve for urinalysis were 16.7% (95% CI 3.0% to 56.4%), 98.4% (95% CI 95.3% to 99.4%), 97.3% (95% CI 93.9% to 98.9%), and 0.65 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.79), respectively.UTI is an infrequent cause of infection in these patients. Urinalysis is indicated only in children with febrile neutropenia with urinary signs/symptoms and in asymptomatic patients with a history of urinary tract disease or unknown history. When urine is collected, UC should be requested regardless of the result of the urinalysis.© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.