有节奏地跳动的心脏是维持生命的血流的基础。心脏有四个心房和许多不同类型的细胞，但由心肌细胞形成的扭曲肌原纤维结构对心脏收缩和电冲传导的特性尤为重要。使用人诱导多能干细胞能够生成心肌细胞，基本上解决了体外模拟心脏组织功能所需的细胞供应短缺问题；然而，模拟心脏组织水平需要成熟的心肌结构、电生理学和收缩特性。在这里，回顾了关于人工功能化心脏微组织在模拟心脏疾病中的研究，并分析了不同人工心脏组织（包括心脏器官样体、心脏薄膜和心脏微束）的设计准则和实际应用。表格总结了几种体外心肌模型评估心脏结构和功能的能力。© 2023. 作者（们），独家许可给 Springer Nature Switzerland AG。

The rhythmically beating heart is the foundation of life-sustaining blood flow. There are four chambers and many different types of cell in the heart, but the twisted myofibrillar structures formed by cardiomyocytes are particularly important for cardiac contraction and electrical impulse transmission properties. The ability to generate cardiomyocytes using human-induced pluripotent stem cells has essentially solved the cell supply shortage for in vitro simulation of cardiac tissue function; however, modeling heart at the tissue level needs mature myocardial structure, electrophysiology, and contractile characteristics. Here, the current research on human functionalized cardiac microtissue in modeling cardiac diseases is reviewed and the design criteria and practical applications of different human engineered heart tissues, including cardiac organoids, cardiac thin films, and cardiac microbundles are analyzed. Table summarizing the ability of several in vitro myocardial models to assess heart structure and function for cardiac disease modeling.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.