瘢痕增生是一种发生于各个年龄段的纤维增殖性皮肤疾病。瘢痕增生表现出类似癌症的行为，其遗传和表观遗传修饰在瘢痕微环境中有相似性。瘢痕微环境由角质细胞、成纤维细胞、肌成纤维细胞、血管内皮细胞、免疫细胞、干细胞和胶原纤维组成。对瘢痕研究的最新进展揭示了瘢痕微环境各成分之间的细胞间通讯以及治疗瘢痕的潜在靶点。在本综述中，我们总结了从基因和表观遗传调控在瘢痕源性成纤维细胞中的性质，角质细胞的上皮-间质转变，免疫细胞对瘢痕的浸润，瘢痕源性干细胞的分化，血管内皮细胞的内皮-间质转变，胞外基质合成和重塑以及在瘢痕中不受控制的血管生成，旨在寻找治疗的新靶点。视频摘要。© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.

Keloids are a fibroproliferative skin disorder that develops in people of all ages. Keloids exhibit some cancer-like behaviors, with similar genetic and epigenetic modifications in the keloid microenvironment. The keloid microenvironment is composed of keratinocytes, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, immune cells, stem cells and collagen fibers. Recent advances in the study of keloids have led to novel insights into cellular communication among components of the keloid microenvironment as well as potential therapeutic targets for treating keloids. In this review, we summarized the nature of genetic and epigenetic regulation in keloid-derived fibroblasts, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of keratinocytes, immune cell infiltration into keloids, the differentiation of keloid-derived stem cells, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of vascular endothelial cells, extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling, and uncontrolled angiogenesis in keloids with the aim of identifying new targets for therapeutic benefit. Video Abstract.© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.