体外器官模拟解决了伴随体内实验的准确性、伦理和成本挑战。器官样体和芯片上的器官已被开发用于模拟器官的体外实时生物学和生理学特征。许多研究已经使用这些系统评估器官对外界刺激的体外实时反应。特别是，在药物研发中，可以最有效地利用芯片上的器官预测器官对药物的反应。此外，多器官芯片系统有助于更接近体内环境的表示。在本综述中，我们讨论了生物传感技术，在芯片上模拟的器官反应的体内实时测量作为读数的工具，包括多器官模型。值得注意的是，通过进一步推进芯片的开发以及评估技术，将建立一个集成自动多感知的人体芯片系统。© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Thein vitrosimulation of organs resolves the accuracy, ethical, and cost challenges accompanyingin vivoexperiments. Organoids and organs-on-chips have been developed to model thein vitro, real-time biological and physiological features of organs. Numerous studies have deployed these systems to assess thein vitro, real-time responses of an organ to external stimuli. Particularly, organs-on-chips can be most efficiently employed in pharmaceutical drug development to predict the responses of organs before approving such drugs. Furthermore, multi-organ-on-a-chip systems facilitate the close representations of thein vivoenvironment. In this review, we discuss the biosensing technology that facilitates thein situ, real-time measurements of organ responses as readouts on organ-on-a-chip systems, including multi-organ models. Notably, a human-on-a-chip system integrated with automated multi-sensing will be established by further advancing the development of chips, as well as their assessment techniques.© 2023 IOP Publishing Ltd.