后部葡萄膜炎是全球影响各个年龄段的常见脉络膜病理，也是转诊至视网膜诊所的主要原因之一。葡萄膜炎的病因谱非常广泛，包括感染性和自身免疫性疾病。炎症可能局限于眼部，也可能是全身疾病的一部分。因此，提出了一个有助于正确诊断这些具有挑战性疾病的有用概述。事实上，许多肿瘤条件的特征类似于后部葡萄膜炎，我们称之为“葡萄膜炎的伪装者”。在这里，我们总结了以罕见发现表现的不同后部葡萄膜炎，以及可能难以区分的伪装者。这些疾病造成了诊断困境，导致治疗延误，原因是诊断不确定。我们在MEDLINE/PUBMED、EBSCO和Cochrane CENTRAL数据库上进行了广泛的文献搜索，时间从1985年1月到2022年1月，以获取包括后部葡萄膜炎实体、全葡萄膜炎和伪装综合征在内的预先确定的诊断的原始研究和综述。我们描述了可能表现为后部葡萄膜炎的模仿者的情况（例如，免疫检查点抑制剂和类似黄斑颗粒-小樱木花道-原田病的葡萄膜炎；与白血病和淋巴瘤相关的后部葡萄膜炎），以及可能作为视网膜疾病的模仿者的炎症性状况（例如，Purtscher样视网膜病变作为系统性红斑狼疮的表现；中央浆液性脉络膜视网膜脱离的炎症性渗出模仿病例），以及具有罕见且具有诊断挑战性病因的葡萄膜炎状况（例如，抗TNF-α的悖论性炎症效应；接种后的葡萄膜炎；抗血管生成药物眼内注射后的眼部炎症）。这个对独特后部葡萄膜炎病例的回顾强调了后部葡萄膜炎的重叠特征（抗TNF-α的悖论性炎症效应和葡萄膜炎；Purtscher样视网膜病变作为系统性红斑狼疮的表现等）和视网膜疾病的性质（缺血性眼综合症或中央视网膜静脉阻塞、淀粉样变、遗传性疾病如视网膜色素变性、常染色体显性新生血管性炎症玻璃体视网膜病（ADNIV）等）可能模仿它们。仔细回顾过去的葡萄膜炎史、目前使用的药物和最近的疫苗接种情况，详细检查过去或现在炎症的征象，最终进行基因检测和/或多模态视网膜成像（如荧光血管造影、EDI-OCT、OCT血管造影用于红斑狼疮Purtscher样视网膜病变评估，或ICG用于中央浆液性视网膜病变，或视网膜淀粉样血管病）可能有助于正确诊断。© 2023 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Posterior uveitis is a common chorioretinal pathology affecting all ages worldwide and is a frequent reason for referral to the retina clinic. The spectrum of etiologies for uveitis is very broad and includes infectious and auto-immune diseases. Inflammation can be confined to the eye or may be a part of systemic disease. A useful outline is therefore proposed to aid in the correct diagnosis of these challenging entities. The situation is further complicated by the fact that many neoplastic conditions resemble features of posterior uveitis; they are known as "masqueraders of uveitis". Here, we summarize different posterior uveitides that present with rare findings, along with masqueraders that can be difficult to distinguish. These conditions pose a diagnostic dilemma resulting in delay in treatment because of diagnostic uncertainty.An extensive literature search was performed on the MEDLINE/PUBMED, EBSCO and Cochrane CENTRAL databases from January 1985 to January 2022 for original studies and reviews of predetermined diagnoses that include posterior uveitic entities, panuveitis and masquerade syndromes.We described conditions that can present as mimickers of posterior uveitis (i.e., immune check-points inhibitors and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada-like uveitis; leukemia and lymphoma associated posterior uveitis), inflammatory conditions that present as mimickers of retinal diseases (i.e., Purtscher-like retinopathy as a presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus; central serous chorioretinopathy masquerading inflammatory exudative retinal detachment), and uveitic conditions with rare and diagnostically challenging etiologies (i.e., paradoxical inflammatory effects of anti-TNF-α; post vaccination uveitis; ocular inflammation after intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic drugs).This review of unique posterior uveitis cases highlights the overlapping features of posterior uveitis (paradoxical inflammatory effects of anti -TNF α and uveitis; Purtscher-like retinopathy as a presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus, …) and the nature of retinal conditions (ischemic ocular syndrome, or central retinal vein occlusion, amyloidosis, inherited conditions like retinitis pigmentosa, autosomal dominant neovascular inflammatory vitreoretinopathy (ADNIV), etc.…) that may mimic them is represented. Careful review of past uveitis history, current medications and recent vaccinations, detailed examination of signs of past or present inflammation, eventually genetic testing and/ or multimodal retinal imaging (like fluorescein angiography, EDI-OCT, OCT-angiography for lupus Purtscher-like retinopathy evaluation, or ICG for central serous retinopathy, or retinal amyloid angiopathy) may aid in correct diagnosis.© 2023. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.