造血系统恶性肿瘤的免疫细胞起源为了解免疫应答和免疫逃逸机制提供了独特的途径，加速了免疫疗法的进展。几类免疫疗法已经开发，并正在进行临床试验以治疗血液癌症，包括干细胞移植、免疫检查点抑制剂、抗原靶向抗体、抗体-药物复合物、肿瘤疫苗和细胞免疫治疗。这些免疫疗法已展示了在难治性或复发患者中诱导长期缓解的潜力，并且在癌症治疗方面取得了巨大的临床成功，引发了范式转变。不同的免疫疗法方法具有其优势，但也存在需要解决的缺点。为了及时向临床医生提供革命性治疗方法的信息，本综述提供了对免疫疗法应用和临床考虑的历史视角。首先，我们概述了在治疗血液恶性肿瘤中各类免疫疗法的理解方面所取得的最新进展。我们进一步讨论了这些免疫疗法的特定作用机制，总结了在血液恶性肿瘤中的临床试验和治疗结果，以及不良反应和毒性管理，并提出了挑战和未来发展方向的新见解。© 2023. 四川大学华西医院。

The immune-cell origin of hematologic malignancies provides a unique avenue for the understanding of both the mechanisms of immune responsiveness and immune escape, which has accelerated the progress of immunotherapy. Several categories of immunotherapies have been developed and are being further evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of blood cancers, including stem cell transplantation, immune checkpoint inhibitors, antigen-targeted antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, tumor vaccines, and adoptive cell therapies. These immunotherapies have shown the potential to induce long-term remission in refractory or relapsed patients and have led to a paradigm shift in cancer treatment with great clinical success. Different immunotherapeutic approaches have their advantages but also shortcomings that need to be addressed. To provide clinicians with timely information on these revolutionary therapeutic approaches, the comprehensive review provides historical perspectives on the applications and clinical considerations of the immunotherapy. Here, we first outline the recent advances that have been made in the understanding of the various categories of immunotherapies in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. We further discuss the specific mechanisms of action, summarize the clinical trials and outcomes of immunotherapies in hematologic malignancies, as well as the adverse effects and toxicity management and then provide novel insights into challenges and future directions.© 2023. West China Hospital, Sichuan University.