男孩乳房增大被称为男性乳腺增生。这可能是由于雄激素-雌激素比例的改变以及其他激素（包括生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子1、催乳素等）和影响雌激素合酶的因素的影响所致。男性乳腺增生的常见原因包括青春期乳腺增生、肥胖、药物和性腺功能减退症。其他一些疾病，包括肝肾功能衰竭、甲亢、克线氏综合征、肿瘤和环境污染物，也可能引起男性乳腺增生。病史和临床检查可以帮助制定有针对性的调查和治疗方案。其中包括对乳房和睾丸的检查，除了对全身其他部分的检查。治疗潜在疾病可以改善男性乳腺增生，比如在性腺功能减退症中使用睾酮。有些男孩可能不需要任何干预，因为男性乳腺增生可能会自行消退。对于单纯的男性乳腺增生，医疗管理是有用的。对于患有男性乳腺增生的青少年，曾尝试过使用他莫昔芬取得了成功。其他药物包括克罗米芬、达纳索、来曲唑和阿那曲唑在这个年龄组中的效果并不一致。在严重慢性男性乳腺增生的情况下，手术是首选治疗方法。© 2023. 作者，独家许可给Dr. K C Chaudhuri Foundation。

Enlargement of breasts among boys is termed gynecomastia. This could be due to an alteration in the androgen-estrogen ratio along with the effects of other hormones including growth hormone, insulin like growth factor 1, prolactin, and other factors affecting aromatase enzyme. The common causes of gynecomastia are pubertal gynecomastia, obesity, drugs and hypogonadism. Several other diseases including liver or renal failure, thyrotoxicosis, Klinefelter syndrome, tumors and environmental pollutants can cause gynecomastia. History and clinical examination will help formulate targeted investigations and management. The factors to be evaluated in these include examination of breasts and testes, in addition to other parts of systemic examination. Treatment of underlying disorders can improve gynecomastia, such as use of testosterone in hypogonadism. Some boys may not need any intervention as gynecomastia may resolve on its own. Medical management is useful in simple gynecomastia. Tamoxifen has been tried successfully in adolescents with gynecomastia. Other drugs including clomiphene, danazol, letrozole and anastrozole have not been consistently useful in this age group. In severe chronic gynecomastia, surgery is the treatment of choice.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Dr. K C Chaudhuri Foundation.