骨髓肉瘤（MS）是一种非常罕见的血液学疾病。本研究分析了不同类型MS患者的早期治疗选择，并探讨了MS的预后因素。选择了2000年至2018年期间诊断的SEER数据库中年龄在15岁及以上的MS患者，排除了首次治疗未知，疾病部位未知以及随访时间少于1个月的患者。统计方法采用χ2检验比较临床特征，Kaplan-Meier分析比较生存差异，Cox比例风险模型确定影响总生存（OS）的预后因素。共收集了472名患者的数据：244名患有孤立性骨髓肉瘤（IMS）和228名患有非孤立骨髓肉瘤（非IMS）的患者。IMS患者主要选择局部治疗，而非IMS患者主要选择化疗。接受联合治疗的IMS患者的OS与未接受治疗的患者之间存在显著差异。对于非IMS患者，接受治疗的患者的OS较未接受治疗的患者更长，但差异在统计学上不显著。在成年患者中，年龄小于60岁的 prognosis better。泌尿系统、消化系统、生殖系统以及胸腹部作为首发部位的患者预后较好。IMS患者早期的联合治疗可以延长OS，化疗联合放疗/手术应该是首选治疗方法。对于非IMS患者，早期的联合治疗没有显示出显著的优势。年龄和首发部位是影响MS患者长期预后的独立因素。

Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a very rare hematologic disorder. This study analyzes the early treatment options for patients with different types of MS and explores the prognostic factors of MS.Patients aged 15 years and older with MS in the SEER database (diagnosed from 2000 to 2018) were selected, excluding those with an unknown first course of treatment, an unknown location of disease, and less than 1 month of follow-up. Statistical methods used a chi-square test to compare clinical characteristics; Kaplan-Meier analysis to compare survival differences; and Cox proportional risk models to identify prognostic factors affecting overall survival (OS).Data were collected from 472 patients: 244 patients with isolated myeloid sarcoma (IMS) and 228 patients with non-isolated myeloid sarcoma (non-IMS). IMS patients mostly chose local treatment, while non-IMS patients mostly chose chemotherapy. There was a significant difference in OS between IMS patients treated with combined treatment and those without treatment. For non-IMS, treated patients had longer OS than untreated, but the difference was not statistically significant. Among adult patients, those younger than 60 years had a better prognosis. Patients with the urinary system, digestive system, reproductive system and chest and abdomen as the initial site had a better prognosis.Early combination therapy in IMS patients had a longer OS, and chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy/surgery should be the treatment of choice. For non-IMS patients, early combination therapy did not show a significant advantage. Age and location of first presentation were independent factors affecting MS patients' long-term prognosis.