在癌症患者的新治疗方法中，很少有像新辅助免疫检查点阻断（ICB）这样迅速加速的。新辅助癌症治疗是在治疗前从未接受治疗的患者中进行的，目的是进行根治性手术。传统的新辅助化学治疗和放疗主要用于减小肿瘤体积，提高手术可行性。然而，最近的科学证据在此处概述，表明新辅助免疫疗法可以扩大和转录修改肿瘤特异性T细胞克隆，增强肿瘤内和系统性的抗肿瘤免疫。它进一步提供了一个独特的“机遇之窗”，以探索ICB反应和耐药机制，并开辟了改进长期临床预后预测和开发新的、更高效的ICB联合治疗的可能性。在这里，我们检查了从选择性癌症研究中获得的临床和科学知识的进展，并描述了适用于多种癌症类型的新辅助ICB的新兴关键原则。版权所有©2023 Elsevier Inc.。保留所有权利。

Among new treatment approaches for patients with cancer, few have accelerated as quickly as neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Neoadjuvant cancer therapy is administered before curative-intent surgery in treatment-naïve patients. Conventional neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are primarily intended to reduce tumor size, improving surgical resectability. However, recent scientific evidence outlined here suggests that neoadjuvant immunotherapy can expand and transcriptionally modify tumor-specific T cell clones to enhance both intratumoral and systemic anti-tumor immunity. It further offers a unique "window of opportunity" to explore mechanisms and identify novel biomarkers of ICB response and resistance, opening possibilities for refining long-term clinical outcome predictions and developing new, more highly effective ICB combination therapies. Here, we examine advances in clinical and scientific knowledge gleaned from studies in select cancers and describe emerging key principles relevant to neoadjuvant ICB across many cancer types.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.