植物提取物在纳米基质中的封装存在粘附于墙壁、尺寸控制、高成本和长持续时间等局限性，导致产量低下。宏观和微观层面的微粒/纳米粒子发展技术可能会影响植物提取物的封装。本研究旨在评估微观和宏观技术对植物提取物封装的相对效率，目前尚未进行比较。鉴于此，通过将巨大吊钟花叶提取物（CaG）封装在银共轭聚葡萄糖胺纳米基质（POL/Ag）中，诱导侵袭性导管内乳腺癌（IDC）细胞的凋亡。乙醇溶液法制备了CaG提取物，并通过化学测试对其活性植物化学物质进行了表征。滴液微流控系统作为微观封装技术，以两种不同的水油流速比1.0:1.5和1.0:3.0用于CaG在纳米基质中的封装。此外，热板磁力搅拌器组成的常规批次系统作为宏观封装技术。使用DPPH测试分析制备的纳米基质的抗氧化活性，并使用MCF-7细胞进行细胞毒性分析。UV-Vis、FTIR和XRD光谱的特征峰证实了CaG（POL/Ag）的合成，其中三种封装方法都有用。然而，由于在高流速下获得小尺寸且均匀大小的银纳米颗粒（92±19 nm），并实现了较高的封装效率（80.25%），微流控系统被发现更为方便，相比之下，常规批次方法（52.5%）较低。CaG（POL/Ag）纳米基质对DPPH自由基清除活性显示出显著的抗氧化活性（p=0.0014）。由微流控系统制备的最小尺寸的CaG（POL/Ag）在80 µg/mL下对MCF-7细胞显示出最高的细胞毒性（90%），相比之下，批次法为70%。我们的结果表明，使用微流控系统的微观尺度技术是制备尺寸可控的CaG（POL/Ag）纳米基质和实现高效植物提取物封装的更有效方法。此外，发现CaG（Pol/Ag）是诱导IDC细胞凋亡的有效新组合（p<0.0001）。因此，可以进一步将CaG（Pol/Ag）作为抗癌剂进行体内实验的测试。© 2023年 Springer Nature Limited。

The encapsulation of plant extract in nanomatrices has limitations due to its adhesion to walls, size control, high cost and long durations that results in low yield. Macroscale and microscale level techniques for development of micro/nanoparticles may impact the encapsulation of plant extract. This study aimed to evaluate the relative efficiency of microscale and macroscale techniques for encapsulation of plant extract, which is not compared yet. Keeping this in view, encapsulation of Calotropis gigantea leaves extract (CaG) was attained in silver-conjugated poliglusam nanomatrices (POL/Ag) to induce apoptosis in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) cells. The ethanolic CaG extract was prepared using percolation method and characterized by chemical tests for its active phytochemical compounds. The droplet-based microfluidic system was utilized as microscale encapsulation technique for CaG in nanomatrices at two different aqueous to oil flow rate ratios 1.0:1.5, and 1.0:3.0. Moreover, conventional batch system was utilized as macroscale encapsulation technique consisted of hot plate magnetic stirrer. The prepared nanomatrices were analysed for antioxidant activity using DPPH test and for cytotoxicity analysis using MCF-7 cells. The characteristic peaks of UV-Vis, FTIR and XRD spectrum confirmed the synthesis of CaG(POL/Ag) by both the encapsulation methods. However, microfluidic system was found to be more expedient because of attaining small and uniform sized silver nanoparticles (92 ± 19 nm) at high flow rate and achieving high encapsulation efficiency (80.25%) as compared to the conventional batch method (52.5%). CaG(POL/Ag) nanomatrices found to have significant antioxidant activity (p = 0.0014) against DPPH radical scavenging activity. The CaG(POL/Ag) of the smallest sized formulated by the microfluidic system has also shown the highest cytotoxicity (90%) as compared to batch method (70%) at 80 µg/mL. Our results indicate that the microscale technique using microfluidic system is a more efficient method to formulate size-controlled CaG(POL/Ag) nanomatrices and achieve high encapsulation of plant extract. Additionally, CaG(Pol/Ag) was found to be an efficient new combination for inducing potent (p < 0.0001) apoptosis in IDC cells. Therefore, CaG(Pol/Ag) can be further tested as an anti-cancer agent for in-vivo experiments.© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.