微塑料（Microplastics，简称MPs）是水、土壤和空气中普遍存在的塑料微粒（<5 mm），表明人类可通过饮水、食物摄入和吸入而暴露于MPs中。本综述概述了目前可评估MPs人体暴露和健康影响的现有人体生物监测数据。我们编制了90个关于人体生物基质和MPs毒理学终点的相关研究，以提供有关MPs在不同组织中的分布以及从健康角度的相关影响的证据。通过在人体生物样品（包括血液、尿液、粪便、肺组织、乳汁、精液和胎盘）中检测到MPs，已经证实了人类暴露于MPs。尽管人类具有保护他们免受潜在有害物质侵害的清除机制，但MPs暴露所涉及的健康风险包括引发炎症、氧化应激和DNA损伤，可能导致心血管和呼吸系统疾病，如癌症等，这是由体外和体内研究所暗示的。根据编制的数据，MPs在不同的人体组织和液体中被反复发现，表明人类通过吸入和摄入暴露于MPs。尽管暴露和非暴露人群的MPs浓度存在差异，但积累和分布途径以及潜在的人体健康危害仍处于起步阶段。人体生物监测数据可以评估人体对MPs的暴露和相关风险，这些信息有助于制定管理措施和准则，以最小化MPs对环境的释放，从而减少人体摄取。版权所有 © 2023. Elsevier Inc.出版

Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles (<5 mm) ubiquitous in water, soil, and air, indicating that humans can be exposed to MPs through ingestion of water and food, and inhalation.This review provides an overview of the current human biomonitoring data available to evaluate human exposure and health impact of MPs.We compiled 90 relevant studies on MPs in human matrices and MPs toxicological endpoints to provide evidence on MPs distribution in the different tissues and the implications this can have from a health perspective.Human exposure to MPs has been corroborated by the detection of MPs in different human biological samples including blood, urine, stool, lung tissue, breast milk, semen and placenta. Although humans have clearance mechanisms protecting them from potentially harmful substances, health risks associated to MPs exposure include the onset of inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, potentially leading to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as cancer, as suggested by in vitro and in vivo studies.Based on compiled data, MPs have been recurrently identified in different human tissues and fluids, suggesting that humans are exposed to MPs through inhalation and ingestion. Despite differences in MPs concentrations appear in exposed and non-exposed people, accumulation and distribution pathways and potential human health hazards is still at an infant stage. Human biomonitoring data enables the assessment of human exposure to MPs and associated risks, and this information can contribute to draw management actions and guidelines to minimize MP release to the environment, and thus, reduce human uptake.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.