肝细胞癌（HCC）是患病率和死亡率最高的癌症之一。在临床实践中，对HCC的监测、诊断和治疗仍存在许多限制，如早期HCC的检测不足、手术后频繁复发、低局部肿瘤控制率、治疗抵抗和副作用。因此，急需改进或创新的方法以提高早期诊断和精细有效治疗的效果。近年来，HCC领域的纳米技术研究受到了广泛关注，包括生物标志物、超声、诊断成像、术中成像、消融、经动脉化疗栓塞、放疗和全身治疗等各个方面。与以往从纳米颗粒的结构、设计和功能角度讨论的综述不同，本综述系统总结了临床指南和实践中诊断和治疗HCC的方法和局限性，以及纳米医药学的应用。纳米医药学通过增强靶向性、生物相容性、生物可用性、可控释放和不同临床治疗方法的联合，克服了限制，提高了诊断准确性和治疗效果。通过深入理解纳米技术征服临床限制的逻辑，本综述整理了HCC领域纳米技术的主要研究方向。预计纳米医药学将在未来的临床实践中发挥重要作用。© 2023作者。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the cancers that has the highest morbidity and mortality rates. In clinical practice, there are still many limitations in surveilling, diagnosing, and treating HCC, such as the poor detection of early HCC, the frequent post-surgery recurrence, the low local tumor control rate, the therapy resistance and side effects. Therefore, improved, or innovative modalities are urgently required for early diagnosis as well as refined and effective management. In recent years, nanotechnology research in the field of HCC has received great attention, with various aspects of diagnosis and treatment including biomarkers, ultrasound, diagnostic imaging, intraoperative imaging, ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy. Different from previous reviews that discussed from the perspective of nanoparticles' structure, design and function, this review systematically summarizes the methods and limitations of diagnosing and treating HCC in clinical guidelines and practices, as well as nanomedicine applications. Nanomedicine can overcome the limitations to improve diagnosis accuracy and therapeutic effect via enhancement of targeting, biocompatibility, bioavailability, controlled releasing, and combination of different clinical treatment modalities. Through an in-depth understanding of the logic of nanotechnology to conquer clinical limitations, the main research directions of nanotechnology in HCC are sorted out in this review. It is anticipated that nanomedicine will play a significant role in the future clinical practices of HCC.© 2023 The Authors.