免疫治疗是对抗癌症的关键治疗策略。采用多种方法来激活针对肿瘤的免疫力，并克服肿瘤免疫逃逸。肿瘤细胞与其肿瘤(免疫)微环境(T(I)ME)之间的动态相互作用是创建适当模型系统的主要挑战。然而，这些模型系统对于获取关于肿瘤(免疫)生物学的新的见解以及准确开发和测试可以成功应用于临床的免疫治疗方法是必需的先决条件。已经建立了几种模型系统，并被推进为所谓的患者化身，以模拟患者的肿瘤生物学。所有模型都有其优点，但也有其缺点，强调为使用患者化身定义理论和要求的必要性。在此，我们简要概述了目前用于肿瘤(免疫)生物学分析以及免疫治疗药物评估的肿瘤模型系统的现状。最后，我们提供了进一步发展的建议，以便使患者化身成为测试和预测肿瘤治疗个性化的免疫治疗策略的补充工具。版权信息 © 2023 Kayser, Brauer, Susanne and Wandmacher.

Immunotherapies are a key therapeutic strategy to fight cancer. Diverse approaches are used to activate tumor-directed immunity and to overcome tumor immune escape. The dynamic interplay between tumor cells and their tumor(immune)microenvironment (T(I)ME) poses a major challenge to create appropriate model systems. However, those model systems are needed to gain novel insights into tumor (immune) biology and a prerequisite to accurately develop and test immunotherapeutic approaches which can be successfully translated into clinical application. Several model systems have been established and advanced into so-called patient avatars to mimic the patient´s tumor biology. All models have their advantages but also disadvantages underscoring the necessity to pay attention in defining the rationale and requirements for which the patient avatar will be used. Here, we briefly outline the current state of tumor model systems used for tumor (immune)biological analysis as well as evaluation of immunotherapeutic agents. Finally, we provide a recommendation for further development to make patient avatars a complementary tool for testing and predicting immunotherapeutic strategies for personalization of tumor therapies.Copyright © 2023 Kayser, Brauer, Susanne and Wandmacher.