近几十年来，单克隆抗体在个体化癌症医学方面取得了革命性的突破。尽管它们在肿瘤学中具有广泛的应用，但由于其庞大的尺寸和复杂性，可能会对某些癌症诊断和治疗应用的肿瘤靶向产生干扰。与单克隆抗体相比，纳米抗体具有独特的结构和药理特点，并已成功地被用作辅助的抗癌诊断和/或治疗工具。本文概述了目前已经或正在进行癌症临床试验的基于纳米抗体的诊断和治疗方法，并重点介绍即将在不久的将来转化为临床应用的临床前发展。总体而言，所呈现的研究表明纳米抗体在肿瘤学领域的应用潜力，使得更多的纳米抗体可能会在不久的将来得到临床批准。

Monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized personalized medicine for cancer in recent decades. Despite their broad application in oncology, their large size and complexity may interfere with successful tumor targeting for certain applications of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Nanobodies have unique structural and pharmacological features compared to monoclonal antibodies and have successfully been used as complementary anti-cancer diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools.Here, an overview is given of the nanobody-based diagnostics and therapeutics that have been or are currently being tested in oncological clinical trials. Furthermore, preclinical developments, which are likely to be translated into the clinic in the near future, are highlighted.Overall, the presented studies show the application potential of nanobodies in the field of oncology, making it likely that more nanobodies will be clinically approved in the upcoming future.