免疫疗法已经对越来越多的癌症以及炎症、风湿和胃肠病等病症的治疗产生了显著影响。娱乐性亚硝酸盐的使用现在已经成为全球性的流行病。利奈唑胺现已被推荐用于治疗耐药结核病（TB）；神经病是严重的致病原因。全球变暖将导致以前未受影响地区的毒素暴露增加，例如食盆绥症。随着经验的增加，对这些药物引起的神经病并发症的病理生理学已经变得清晰，现已有相关指南，用于免疫检查点抑制剂并发症和亚硝酸盐中毒。已经确定了包括利奈唑胺在内的联合疗法对耐药结核病的最佳剂量和疗程。虽然免疫疗法引起的神经病并发症相对较少见，但早期识别和治疗至关重要。亚硝酸盐中毒应纳入所有患者的鉴别诊断中，特别是那些年轻患者，出现神经病或神经肌病。食盆绥症毒性目前被低估，其地理扩散将因全球变暖而增加。对目前仅能进行症状缓解治疗的急性和慢性效应的机制和治疗还需要进一步研究。版权所有©2023 Wolters Kluwer Health，Inc. 保留所有权利。

Immunotherapy has had a significant impact on the treatment of an increasing number of cancers as well as in inflammatory, rheumatological and gastroenterological conditions.Recreational nitrous oxide use is now a global epidemic. Linezolid is now recommended for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB); neuropathy is a significant cause of morbidity.Global warming will result in increasing toxin exposure, such as ciguatera, in previously unaffected areas.With increasing experience, the pathophysiology underlying the neuropathic complications of these drugs has become clear with guidelines now available, for the complications of immune check-point inhibitors and nitrous oxide toxicity. The optimum dose and duration of treatment for resistant TB with regimens, including linezolid, has been ascertained.Although neuropathic complications with immunotherapy are relatively rare, it is essential that they are recognized and treated early. Nitrous oxide toxicity should be in the differential diagnosis for all patients, particularly those of younger age, presenting with a neuropathy or myleo-neuropathy. Ciguatera toxicity is under recognized and its geographical spread will increase due to global warming. Further research is necessary on the mechanisms and treatment of both acute and chronic effects, which at present, are only symptomatic.Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.