头颈鳞状细胞癌（HNSCC）预后差。全球每年有约880,000名患者被新诊断为HNSCC，其中有450,000名患者死亡。发展HNSCC的风险因素已被确定，其中吸烟、饮酒和病毒感染是主要因素。由于人乳头状瘤病毒感染的普遍性，HNSCC病例数量显著增加。手术和化疗放疗是HNSCC的主要治疗方法。随着肿瘤生物学的进展，患者有资格接受新型治疗方法，即靶向治疗、免疫治疗和光免疫疗法。由于这个研究领域进展迅速，临床医生应了解HNSCC的基本生物学，以在个性化医学时代选择适当的治疗方法。本综述总结了HNSCC肿瘤生物学最新发展，重点关注流行病学、遗传/表观遗传因素、肿瘤微环境、微生物群落、免疫力和光免疫疗法，以及如何将这些发现转化到临床环境中。版权所有 © 2023. Elsevier B.V. 出版。

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor prognosis. Each year, approximately 880,000 patients are newly diagnosed with HNSCC worldwide, and 450,000 patients with HNSCC die. Risk factors for developing HNSCC have been identified, with cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and viral infections being the major factors. Owing to the prevalence of human papillomavirus infection, the number of HNSCC cases is increasing considerably. Surgery and chemoradiotherapy are the primary treatments for HNSCC. With advancements in tumor biology, patients are eligible for novel treatment modalities, namely targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and photoimmunotherapy. Because this area of research has rapidly progressed, clinicians should understand the basic biology of HNSCC to choose an appropriate therapy in the upcoming era of personalized medicine. This review summarized recent developments in tumor biology, focusing on epidemiology, genetic/epigenetic factors, the tumor microenvironment, microbiota, immunity, and photoimmunotherapy in HNSCC, as well as how these findings can be translated into clinical settings.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.