异常的染色体数目，即非整倍体，是发育障碍及癌症的常见特征，不同癌症类型展示出不同的染色体增益和缺失的模式。为了理解特定异倍体在特定组织中的形成和对疾病发展的贡献，已经开发了多种方法来改变哺乳动物细胞和小鼠的染色体组型。在本文综述中，我们概述了在人类和小鼠细胞系统中诱发或选择特定染色体增益和缺失的传统和新颖策略。我们强调这些定制的非整倍体模型如何帮助拓展我们对特定异倍体对（癌细胞）细胞生理学的影响的了解。© 2023. 作者。

An abnormal chromosome number, or aneuploidy, underlies developmental disorders and is a common feature of cancer, with different cancer types exhibiting distinct patterns of chromosomal gains and losses. To understand how specific aneuploidies emerge in certain tissues and how they contribute to disease development, various methods have been developed to alter the karyotype of mammalian cells and mice. In this review, we provide an overview of both classic and novel strategies for inducing or selecting specific chromosomal gains and losses in human and murine cell systems. We highlight how these customized aneuploidy models helped expanding our knowledge of the consequences of specific aneuploidies to (cancer) cell physiology.© 2023. The Author(s).