血液恶性肿瘤是一种由复杂原因引起且严重威胁人类健康的疾病。了解其发病机制和治疗方法主要依赖动物模型的使用。传统动物模型由于进化分歧的原因无法完全准确反映人类特征的某些特点，而近年来，承载人类血液恶性肿瘤的小鼠模型在基础研究和转化研究中越来越多地得到应用。根据构建方法，可以将其分为不同类型（如细胞源性异种移植模型（CDX）和患者源性异种移植模型（PDX）模型），这些模型具有不同的特点和应用价值。此外，还开发了多种策略来改善人类血液恶性肿瘤在体内的移植和分化。此外，具有功能性人类免疫系统和同种异体人类血液恶性肿瘤的人源化小鼠模型为评估新型免疫治疗药物/方法的疗效提供了独特的工具。在本文中，我们首先回顾了人类血液恶性肿瘤小鼠模型的演化历程；然后，我们分析了不同类型模型的特点，并总结了改进模型的方法；最后，我们讨论了人类免疫系统人源化小鼠模型在人类血液恶性肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用和价值。版权所有©2023 Lang, Lyu, Tan and Hu.

Hematological malignancy is a disease arisen by complicate reasons that seriously endangers human health. The research on its pathogenesis and therapies depends on the usage of animal models. Conventional animal model cannot faithfully mirror some characteristics of human features due to the evolutionary divergence, whereas the mouse models hosting human hematological malignancy are more and more applied in basic as well as translational investigations in recent years. According to the construction methods, they can be divided into different types (e.g. cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) model) that have diverse characteristics and application values. In addition, a variety of strategies have been developed to improve human hematological malignant cell engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the humanized mouse model with both functional human immune system and autologous human hematological malignancy provides a unique tool for the evaluation of the efficacy of novel immunotherapeutic drugs/approaches. Herein, we first review the evolution of the mouse model of human hematological malignancy; Then, we analyze the characteristics of different types of models and summarize the ways to improve the models; Finally, the way and value of humanized mouse model of human immune system in the immunotherapy of human hematological malignancy are discussed.Copyright © 2023 Lang, Lyu, Tan and Hu.