原发性脑癌或脑癌是指大脑或附近组织中异常或恶性细胞的过度增长，形成所谓的脑肿瘤。恶性脑肿瘤患者痛苦重重，即使经过最积极的疗法，患者诊断后的预期生存时间通常只有约14个月。血脑屏障是人体中主要的屏障，限制潜在化疗药物进入大脑。传统治疗方法存在治疗失败或治疗效果较低的显著缺点。然而，纳米技术的最新进展在癌症治疗方面带来了希望。纳米技术从早期癌症检测、诊断到治疗都发挥着关键作用。这些微小的纳米材料有巨大的潜力将药物输送到血脑屏障。不仅仅是药物输送，纳米材料还可以模拟产生荧光以检测肿瘤。本综述详细讨论了脑癌治疗的挑战以及纳米技术在克服这些挑战中的应用。化疗治疗的成功或肿瘤的手术切除需要适当的成像。纳米材料可以为癌症提供成像和治疗的好处。通过回顾过去的研究，对纳米材料在脑癌诊断和治疗中的应用进行了详细讨论。

Primary brain cancer or brain cancer is the overgrowth of abnormal or malignant cells in the brain or its nearby tissues that form unwanted masses called brain tumors. People with malignant brain tumors suffer a lot, and the expected life span of the patients after diagnosis is often only around 14 months, even with the most vigorous therapies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the main barrier in the body that restricts the entry of potential chemotherapeutic agents into the brain. The chances of treatment failure or low therapeutic effects are some significant drawbacks of conventional treatment methods. However, recent advancements in nanotechnology have generated hope in cancer treatment. Nanotechnology has shown a vital role starting from the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. These tiny nanomaterials have great potential to deliver drugs across the BBB. Beyond just drug delivery, nanomaterials can be simulated to generate fluorescence to detect tumors. The current Review discusses in detail the challenges of brain cancer treatment and the application of nanotechnology to overcome those challenges. The success of chemotherapeutic treatment or the surgical removal of tumors requires proper imaging. Nanomaterials can provide imaging and therapeutic benefits for cancer. The application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of brain cancer is discussed in detail by reviewing past studies.