肾母细胞瘤是儿童期最常见的肾脏癌症，组织学上呈现肾胚发育的特点。随着最新治疗方案的发展和改进，肾母细胞瘤的生存率得到了提高。然而，在15%的患者中仍然观察到转移或局部复发。目前正在寻找可靠的生物标志物以识别高危患者，以预测治疗成功的变异性。目前，临床、组织病理学和遗传特征的评估是常见的诊断方法；然而，通过microRNA表达分析可以检查表观遗传特征，并可能允许我们评论肿瘤的行为和治疗反应。本研究旨在评估microRNA-204和microRNA-483-5p的表达与临床病理数据的关系以及对肾母细胞瘤生存率的影响。为此，通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应评估了肿瘤和正常组织中RNU6B、microRNA-204和microRNA-483-5p的表达水平。我们还调查了microRNA表达水平与肾母细胞瘤的临床病理和组织学特征之间的关系。我们的研究结果显示，肾母细胞瘤组织中microRNA-204的相对表达水平明显低于相邻正常组织。相反，肿瘤组织中microRNA-483-5p的表达水平高于相应的正常组织。观察到microRNA-204的表达水平与年龄和异型生长的存在之间存在显著差异。发现microRNA-483-5p的上调与术前化疗和完全肿瘤坏死的患者具有显著相关性。综上所述，我们的数据表明，microRNA-204可能在肾母细胞瘤进展中发挥关键作用，而microRNA-483-5p在肿瘤进展中充当一个癌基因。更重要的是，microRNA-204可能是一种新的预测性生物标志物，可用于预测异型组织学，并可能有助于开发针对该标志物的治疗干预措施。© The Author(s) 2023。牛津大学出版社保留所有权利。如需许可，请发送电子邮件至：journals.permissions@oup.com。

Wilms tumor is the most common cancer of the kidney that occurs during childhood, and histologically, it mimics renal embryogenesis. With the development and improvement of up-to-date treatment protocols, the survival rates of Wilms tumor have increased. However, metastases or local relapses are still observed in 15% of patients. The search for reliable biomarkers to identify at-risk patients is ongoing to predict the variability in treatment success. Currently, the evaluation of clinical, histopathological and genetic features are common diagnostic methods; however, epigenetic features can be examined with microRNA expression analyses and might allow us to comment on the behavior of the tumor and treatment response.In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between microRNA-204 and microRNA-483-5p expression with clinicopathological data and the effect on Wilms tumor survival. For this purpose, the expression levels of RNU6B, microRNA-204 and microRNA-483-5p were evaluated in tumor and normal tissue by qreal time-polymerase chain reaction. We also investigated the relationship between microRNA expression levels with the clinicopathological and histological features of Wilms tumor.The results of our study indicate that the relative expression levels of microRNA-204 in Wilms tumor tissues were significantly lower than that in adjacent normal tissues. By contrast, tumor tissue had a higher microRNA-483-5p expression than the corresponding normal tissues. A statistically significant difference between microRNA-204 expression level with age and the presence of anaplasia was observed. The upregulation of microRNA-483-5p was found to have a significant correlation with patients after preoperative chemotherapy and complete tumor necrosis. Taken together, our data suggest that microRNA-204 could play a critical role as a tumor suppressor, whereas microRNA-483-5p acts as an oncogene in Wilms tumor progression. More importantly, microRNA-204 might be a novel predictive biomarker for anaplastic histology and could be useful for developing therapeutic interventions targeting this marker.© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.