癌症是一种广泛和严重的疾病，具有巨大的死亡率。近年来，全球任何一种癌症中死亡率排名第二的是乳腺癌，这是妇女中最常见和致命的癌症之一。在其早期阶段检测乳腺癌可以简化治疗，减少死亡风险，并提高患者的生存率。乳腺癌的死亡率已经上升到某些地区的0.024％。对于早期预测乳腺癌的敏感和准确的技术是必需的。生物标志物在早期乳腺癌的鉴定和诊断中起着非常关键的作用。目前已经发现了各种用于诊断癌症的癌症生物标志物。为了从血清或其他体液中以生理学水平检测这些生物标志物，许多检测方法已经被开发出来。对于乳腺癌病例，生物标志物对于发现更有可能发展该疾病的人、确定初诊时的预后以及选择最佳的系统治疗非常有帮助。在本研究中，我们整理了与基于蛋白质的生物标志物和基于基因的生物标志物相关的各种临床方面和信号通路。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier B.V. 发表。

Cancer is one of the most widespread and severe diseases with a huge mortality rate. In recent years, the second-leading mortality rate of any cancer globally has been breast cancer, which is one of the most common and deadly cancers found in women. Detecting breast cancer in its initial stages simplifies treatment, decreases death risk, and recovers survival rates for patients. The death rate for breast cancer has risen to 0.024 % in some regions. Sensitive and accurate technologies are required for the preclinical detection of BC at an initial stage. Biomarkers play a very crucial role in the early identification as well as diagnosis of women with breast cancer. Currently, a wide variety of cancer biomarkers have been discovered for the diagnosis of cancer. For the identification of these biomarkers from serum or other body fluids at physiological amounts, many detection methods have been developed. In the case of breast cancer, biomarkers are especially helpful in discovering those who are more likely to develop the disease, determining prognosis at the time of initial diagnosis and choosing the best systemic therapy. In this study we have compiled various clinical aspects and signaling pathways associated with protein-based biomarkers and gene-based biomarkers.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.