纵隔脂肪肉瘤（Mediastinal Liposarcoma，ML）是一种非常罕见的肿瘤，占所有脂肪肉瘤的不到1％。手术切除是最有效的治疗方式，而对于无法手术切除的肿瘤，可能建议采用辅助放射治疗。本病例报告介绍了一位52岁叙利亚男性患者的罕见病例，患者患有分化良好的纵隔脂肪肉瘤（ML），主要症状为劳力性呼吸困难、咳嗽和体重减轻。影像学研究显示较大的肿瘤在右肺上引起外压，同时还有对心脏和大血管的压迫。CT引导下的活检证实了分化良好的脂肪肉瘤的诊断，患者接受了手术切除。患者手术后恢复迅速，术后第四天出院，情况良好。术后3个月进行随访，未见复发。本报告强调将ML纳入纵隔肿块的鉴别诊断，并着重关注表现为劳力性呼吸困难和体重减轻的患者。此外，本报告全面回顾了医学文献中先前报道的ML病例。©2023年。BioMed Central Ltd.，Springer Nature的一部分。

Mediastinal Liposarcoma (ML) is an exceedingly rare neoplasm, accounting for less than 1% of all liposarcomas. Surgical resection is the most effective therapeutic modality, while adjuvant radiation therapy may be recommended for unresectable tumors.This case report presents a rare case of a 52-year-old Syrian male patient with well-differentiated mediastinal liposarcoma (ML) who presented with exertional dyspnea, cough, and weight loss. Imaging studies revealed a large tumor causing extrinsic compression on the right lung, as well as compression of the heart and great vessels. CT-guided biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of well-differentiated liposarcoma, and the patient underwent surgical resection. The patient had a rapid postoperative recovery and was discharged on the fourth day post-operation, displaying an excellent postoperative status. The patient was followed up for 3 months postoperatively with no recurrence.This report highlights the significance of incorporating ML into the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses, particularly in individuals presenting with exertional dyspnea and weight loss. Furthermore, this report provides a comprehensive review of previously reported cases of ML in the medical literature.© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.