在晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）中，再免疫疗法的作用尚不清楚。没有研究评估了包括抗细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原-4抗体在内的肺癌治疗的再免疫疗法方案。本研究旨在调查曾接受过抗程序性死亡-1（PD-1）和/或抗程序性死亡配体-1（PD-L1）抗体治疗的晚期NSCLC患者中，尼伐单抗加伊匹单抗再免疫疗法的疗效和安全性。我们回顾性分析了在2020年11月至2022年11月期间在日本京都国立医疗中心接受尼伐单抗加伊匹单抗免疫疗法（无同时进行细胞毒性化疗）的晚期或复发性NSCLC患者的数据。数据提取自之前接受过抗PD-1和/或抗PD-L1抗体免疫治疗的患者。评估了治疗反应和不良事件。接受尼伐单抗加伊匹单抗免疫疗法的67名患者中，有23名纳入了最终分析。尼伐单抗加伊匹单抗疗法的客观缓解率为17％，疾病控制率为48％。最高级别的免疫相关不良事件为3级，在11％的病例中发生。在抗PD-1和/或抗PD-L1免疫治疗后，尼伐单抗加伊匹单抗的再免疫疗法可能是可行的，并且在选择的患者中可能提供临床益处。需要进一步的前瞻性研究来确定可能从再免疫疗法中获益的患者群体。©2023. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.

The role of re-immunotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains unclear. No studies have evaluated the re-immunotherapy regimen including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 antibody for lung cancer treatment. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of re-immunotherapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in patients with advanced NSCLC previously treated with anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) and/or anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) antibodies.We retrospectively reviewed patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC who received immunotherapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab (without concomitant cytotoxic chemotherapy) between November 2020 and November 2022 at the National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan. Data were extracted from patients who had previously received immunotherapies with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-PD-L1 antibodies. Treatment responses and adverse events were evaluated.Of the 67 patients who received immunotherapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab, 23 were included in final analysis. The objective response rate was 17%, and the disease control rate was 48% for nivolumab plus ipilimumab therapy. The highest grade of immune-related adverse events was grade 3, occurring in 11% of cases.Re-immunotherapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab after anti-PD-1 and/or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy may be feasible and provide clinical benefit in selected patients. Further prospective studies are warranted to identify the patient population that may benefit from re-immunotherapy.© 2023. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.