作为一种理想的体外模型，脑芯片（BoC）是全面阐明脑特征的重要工具。然而，对于BoC定义范围的体外模型尚未得到普遍认可。在本综述中，根据芯片上的培养类型，BoC被分为脑细胞芯片、脑切片芯片和脑器官芯片。尽管这三种微流控BoC的构建方式不同，但它们都使用微流控芯片作为载体工具。这种方法可以更好地满足在芯片上长时间维持高培养活性的需求。此外，BoC成功地整合了细胞生物学、芯片上生物材料平台技术、制造技术、芯片上在线检测技术等，使芯片呈现出结构多样性和高兼容性，以满足不同实验需求并拓展应用范围。在这里，总结了BoC的相关核心技术、挑战和未来发展趋势。© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.

As an ideal in vitro model, brain-on-chip (BoC) is an important tool to comprehensively elucidate brain characteristics. However, the in vitro model for the definition scope of BoC has not been universally recognized. In this review, BoC is divided into brain cells-on-a- chip, brain slices-on-a-chip, and brain organoids-on-a-chip according to the type of culture on the chip. Although these three microfluidic BoCs are constructed in different ways, they all use microfluidic chips as carrier tools. This method can better meet the needs of maintaining high culture activity on a chip for a long time. Moreover, BoC has successfully integrated cell biology, the biological material platform technology of microenvironment on a chip, manufacturing technology, online detection technology on a chip, and so on, enabling the chip to present structural diversity and high compatibility to meet different experimental needs and expand the scope of applications. Here, the relevant core technologies, challenges, and future development trends of BoC are summarized.© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH.