近期，检测和监测仪器的技术进展为癌症治疗的手术、化疗和放疗干预做出了巨大贡献。然而，死亡率仍然很高，需要开发更高效的新治疗策略。在这个方向上，大量的努力包括扩大早期癌症筛查和应用创新的治疗诊断技术。它们得到了引入的平台的支持，以实现癌症生物标志物、抑制剂和其他能够减缓癌症进展和防止转移的药物的检测和监测。尽管免疫检查点阻断的原则被广泛认识，迄今为止免疫疗法的功效并不符合根据充分理由确定的预期。为了成功治疗癌症，需要设计高灵敏、稳定和低成本的多重生物传感器，以辅助生物标志物的监测和新抑制剂的开发。在本综述中，我们概述了努力来支持基于程序化细胞死亡免疫检查点（PD-1/PDL-1）阻断的抗癌免疫疗法的开发和监测，通过设计用于检测相关癌症生物标志物和抑制剂筛选的生物传感器。本综述还强调了由PD-L1过表达的癌细胞携带的外泌体所作的替代靶点，这些外泌体通过排泄出去。还评估了新型靶向药物输送纳米载体，提供了同时进行生物传感，从而有助于新兴的免疫检查点癌症治疗。基于当前的趋势和新兴的技术，本文展望了使用生物传感平台进行癌症诊断和治疗监测的未来前景。版权所有©2023作者。由Elsevier B.V.发表，保留所有权利。

Recent technological advancements in testing and monitoring instrumentation have greatly contributed to the progress in cancer treatment by surgical, chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic interventions. However, the mortality rate still remains high, calling for the development of new treatment strategies with higher efficacy. Extensive efforts driven in this direction have included broadening of early cancer screening and applying innovative theranostic nanotechnologies. They have been supported by platforms introduced to enable the detection and monitoring of cancer biomarkers, inhibitors, and other agents, able to slow down cancer progression and prevent metastasis. Despite of the well-recognized principles of the immune checkpoint blockade, the efficacy of immunotherapy achieved so far does not meet the well-founded expectations. For a successful cancer treatment, highly sensitive, robust, and inexpensive multiplex biosensors have to be designed to aid in the biomarkers monitoring and in the development of new inhibitors. In this review, we provide an overview of the efforts undertaken to aid in the development and monitoring of anticancer immunotherapy, based on the programmed cell-death immune checkpoint (PD-1/PDL-1) blockade, by designing biosensors for the detection of relevant cancer biomarkers and their inhibitors screening. This review also emphasizes alternative targets made by exosomes carrying PD-L1 overexpressed in cancer cells and passed into the excreted exosomes. Evaluated are also novel targeted drug delivery nanocarriers, providing simultaneous biosensing, thereby contributing to the emerging immune checkpoint cancer therapy. On the basis of the current trends and the emerging technologies, future perspectives of cancer diagnostics and treatment monitoring using biosensing platforms are projected.Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.