癌症是健康影响最大的非传染性疾病之一。诸如人口日益老龄化等因素，预示着全球范围内癌症发病率的未来增加。受影响人数的增加以及癌症预防和治疗的不断改进，正在创建一个需要满足但往往没有得到充分满足的癌症幸存者人口。生活方式是癌症风险和相关发病率和死亡率的关键调节因素，并且被纳入到癌症长期管理的所有方法中。饮食是生活方式的一个重要组成部分，大部分可用证据集中在地中海饮食上。我们的目标是提供一个关于地中海饮食对癌症风险和与癌症幸存者相关的健康威胁的证据的叙述性综述。为此，我们在PubMed数据库中搜索了2000年1月1日至2023年6月12日间发表的文章。当前数据显示，地中海饮食与大多数类型的癌症风险呈负相关，或是风险中性。消化系统肿瘤一直受到优先关注，但在其他器官的肿瘤上也已发表了研究。然而，由于大部分研究的观察性质，证据仍然匮乏，尽管令人放心的是这个益处在不同人群和环境中进行的研究中都得到了重复。与癌症幸存者有关的证据受限于研究的稀缺性，然而，有关生存率、复发率以及短期和长期发病率的几个研究结果表明了地中海饮食在癌症幸存者中可能发挥的潜在作用，并值得进一步研究。版权所有©2023年作者。由Elsevier B.V.出版。保留所有权利。

Cancer is one of the main noncommunicable diseases in terms of health impact. Factors such as a progressively aging population point to future increases in the incidence of cancer on a global level. The elevated number of affected individuals, together with continuous improvements in cancer prevention and therapy, is creating a growing population of cancer survivors, with often inadequately met needs. Lifestyle is a key modulator of cancer risk and of associated morbidity and mortality, and is included in all approaches to the long-term management of cancer. Diet is a principal component of lifestyle, and most of the available evidence is centered on the Mediterranean diet. Our objective was to provide a narrative review of the evidence on the effect of the Mediterranean diet on cancer risk and health threats related to cancer survivorship. For this purpose, we searched the PubMed database for articles published between January 1, 2000, and June 12, 2023. Current data show that the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with risk, or is risk neutral, for most types of cancer. Tumors of the digestive system have received preferential interest, but studies have also been published on tumors in other organs. The evidence, however, is meager due to the observational nature of most studies, although it is reassuring that benefit is reproduced in studies performed in different populations and environments. Evidence related to cancer survivors is limited by the paucity of studies, yet several findings regarding survival, recurrence, and short- and long-term morbidity suggest a potential role for the Mediterranean diet that warrants further research.Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.