癌症患者的疾病进展和对全身治疗的非响应常常决定疾病的致命结果。促进转移的复杂分子事件是癌细胞获得性前转移特性与转移支持性肿瘤微环境（TME）的综合体。然而，转移对癌细胞来说是一个具有挑战性的过程，需要一系列的事件来实现癌细胞的存活和增长。转移性癌细胞必须首先脱离原发肿瘤，克服其血管内旅程的挑战，并在适合其转移的远端组织定植。在这篇综述文章中，我们将总结和讨论与克服这些困难相关的复杂细胞内和细胞外信号传导途径。此外，我们将进一步整合免疫微环境、微生物组、亚致死细胞死亡参与以及神经系统等新兴的转移调节因子到现有的转移工作模型中。版权所有 © 2023，由Elsevier Inc.出版。

Metastatic progression combined with non-responsiveness towards systemic therapy often shapes the course of disease for cancer patients and commonly determines its lethal outcome. The complex molecular events that promote metastasis are a combination of both, the acquired pro-metastatic properties of cancer cells and a metastasis-permissive or -supportive tumor micro-environment (TME). Yet, dissemination is a challenging process for cancer cells that requires a series of events to enable cancer cell survival and growth. Metastatic cancer cells have to initially detach themselves from primary tumors, overcome the challenges of their intravasal journey and colonize distant sites that are suited for their metastases. The implicated obstacles including anoikis and immune surveillance, can be overcome by intricate intra- and extracellular signaling pathways, which we will summarize and discuss in this review. Further, emerging modulators of metastasis, like the immune-microenvironment, microbiome, sublethal cell death engagement, or the nervous system will be integrated into the existing working model of metastasis.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.