1921年胰岛素的发现引入了一个新的研究领域，即胰岛素活性和胰岛素抵抗。该领域的许多发现已被应用于诊断和治疗与胰岛素抵抗有关的疾病。在这篇综述中，作者试图综合最新的发现，揭示相关机制，并为新的应用开发提供信息。首先，我们描述了胰岛素信号通路，以解释胰岛素作用的生理学，从胰岛素受体位点开始，沿着胰岛素信号通路的信号传导。基于此，下一部分将分析胰岛素抵抗的机制，主要来源有两个：受体引起的缺陷和其他受体以外的原因引起的缺陷，但本研究侧重于受体后引起的原因。最后，我们讨论了最近的应用，包括与胰岛素抵抗相关的疾病（肥胖症、心血管疾病、阿尔茨海默病和癌症），以及基于胰岛素抵抗机制的潜在治疗方法。版权所有 © 2023年Le、Dao、Nguyen、Luu、Bui、Le、Nguyen、Le、Hosaka和Nguyen。

The discovery of insulin in 1921 introduced a new branch of research into insulin activity and insulin resistance. Many discoveries in this field have been applied to diagnosing and treating diseases related to insulin resistance. In this mini-review, the authors attempt to synthesize the updated discoveries to unravel the related mechanisms and inform the development of novel applications. Firstly, we depict the insulin signaling pathway to explain the physiology of insulin action starting at the receptor sites of insulin and downstream the signaling of the insulin signaling pathway. Based on this, the next part will analyze the mechanisms of insulin resistance with two major provenances: the defects caused by receptors and the defects due to extra-receptor causes, but in this study, we focus on post-receptor causes. Finally, we discuss the recent applications including the diseases related to insulin resistance (obesity, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer) and the potential treatment of those based on insulin resistance mechanisms.Copyright © 2023 Le, Dao, Nguyen, Luu, Bui, Le, Nguyen, Le, Hosaka and Nguyen.