虽然遗传学和分子生物学的研究已持续了一个多世纪，但与物理学的规律相似的生物学定律尚未被发现，尽管一些物理学家曾有过这样的期望。可能并非物质的性质本身，而是物质的进化性质与原子物理学和化学相结合，才导致了生命的起源和复杂性。本文提出了生物学定律必须也是进化的产物，与生命的起源和发展共同进化。有人提出，随着时间的推移，分子复杂性和冗余性呈指数增加，它们之间存在以下关系：DNA序列复杂性（Cd） < 分子复杂性（Cm） < 表型复杂性（Cp）。本研究提出了冗余性定律，与复杂性定律一起，被提议为生物学的进化定律。分子复杂性和冗余性是生化途径不可分割的两个方面，分子冗余性提供了抵抗环境挑战的第一道防线，包括有害突变。冗余性可能给精准医学带来问题，因为除了多基因参与的问题之外，由基因型与表型之间的替代途径引起的冗余性可以使复杂疾病和精神障碍的基因检测变得更加复杂。本研究以癌症为例，展示了细胞复杂性、分子冗余性和隐藏变异如何影响癌细胞演化和逃避检测和消除的能力。对替代的生化途径或"逃逸路径"的表征可以为抗击癌症提供一步。© 2023. The Author(s).

Genetics and molecular biology research have progressed for over a century; however, no laws of biology resembling those of physics have been identified, despite the expectations of some physicists. It may be that it is not the properties of matter alone but evolved properties of matter in combination with atomic physics and chemistry that gave rise to the origin and complexity of life. It is proposed that any law of biology must also be a product of evolution that co-evolved with the origin and progression of life. It was suggested that molecular complexity and redundancy exponentially increase over time and have the following relationship: DNA sequence complexity (Cd) < molecular complexity (Cm) < phenotypic complexity (Cp). This study presents a law of redundancy, which together with the law of complexity, is proposed as an evolutionary law of biology. Molecular complexity and redundancy are inseparable aspects of biochemical pathways, and molecular redundancy provides the first line of defense against environmental challenges, including those of deleterious mutations. Redundancy can create problems for precision medicine because in addition to the issues arising from the involvement of multiple genes, redundancy arising from alternate pathways between genotypes and phenotypes can complicate gene detection for complex diseases and mental disorders. This study uses cancer as an example to show how cellular complexity, molecular redundancy, and hidden variation affect the ability of cancer cells to evolve and evade detection and elimination. Characterization of alternate biochemical pathways or "escape routes" can provide a step in the fight against cancer.© 2023. The Author(s).