细胞核损伤主要由辐射和各种致癌化合物引起，其本质是分子粘连断裂和化学修饰。细胞核损伤后，核可以形态、结构和功能异常的细胞，变为一种病态细胞或缺陷细胞。细胞核损伤会影响基因表达和调控，导致转录和蛋白质合成功能的紊乱或异常，从而引起衰老并诱发各种慢性难治性疾病，如高血压、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、阿尔茨海默病、自身免疫性疾病等。细胞核损伤还可以影响细胞分化状态并导致与分裂和增殖相关的基因重新启动，从而诱发癌症。癌细胞源自具有核异常的细胞，并且癌细胞的生物学行为或特征（脱落和转移、免疫耐受、失控、失去接触抑制等）也来自具有核异常的细胞。本文综述了核损伤引起的慢性难治性疾病及其机制，为职业健康和毒理学研究提供了新的思路，同时也为职业病的预防和治疗提供了新的方法和策略。

The cell nuclear damage is mainly caused by the radiation and various carcinogenic compounds, the essence of the damage is molecular adhesion fracture and chemical modification. After nuclear damage, the cells whose nuclei may be abnormal in morphology, structure and function, then become a kind of morbid cells or defective cells. The cell nuclear damage can affect gene expression and regulation, leading to dysfunctions or abnormalities of transcription and protein synthesis, which results in aging and induces various chronic refractory diseases, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases, and so on. The cell nuclear damage can also affect the state of cell differentiation and lead to restart of genes related to division and proliferation, thus inducing cancer. The cancer cells are derived from the cells with nuclear abnormalities, and the biological behavior or characteristics of cancer cells (shedding and metastasis, immune tolerance, uncontrolled, loss of contact inhibition, etc.) are derived from cells with nuclear abnormalities. This article reviewed the chronic refractory diseases caused by nuclear damage and their mechanisms, which provided a new idea for occupational health and toxicology research, as well as a new method and strategy for occupational disease prevention and treatment.