乳腺癌是一种广为人知的癌症类型，也是女性癌症死亡的主要原因。癌症治疗中一个未解决的问题是肿瘤对现有治疗方法产生的抗药性增加，这是凋亡缺陷的直接结果。寻找细胞死亡的替代方式（自噬）可能是最大限度地促进癌细胞死亡的最终解决方案。本研究的目标是调查自由纳米颗粒（非药物负载）在自噬的诱导或抑制能力，并考虑其对治疗过程的影响。当符合纳入标准的研究满足条件时，所有相关文章的全文将被仔细检查和分类。在分析中，包括对MCF-7、MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-231-TXSA、MDA-MB-468、SUM1315和4T1细胞系进行的25篇文章进行了研究。其中20项体外研究和5项体内/体外研究应用了5种不同的自噬测试方法：吖啶橙、蛋白免疫印迹、Cyto-ID自噬检测试剂盒、共聚焦显微镜和定量聚合酶链反应。这些文章中所包含的基本形式的纳米颗粒（NPs），包括Ag、Au、Y2 O3、Se、ZnO、CuO、Al、Fe、五氧化二钒和脂质体。研究中观察到纳米颗粒与自噬相关的三种行为：诱导、抑制和无作用。筛选和呈现的数据表明，在本次系统综述中涉及的大多数自由纳米颗粒（金属性纳米颗粒）具有氧化应激途径介导的自噬诱导作用（36%）。此外，仅有四项研究提到了PI3K/Akt/mTOR和MAPK/ERK信号通路（16%）。令人印象深刻的是，31%的研究没有检查与纳米颗粒相关的自噬途径。© 2023国际细胞生物学联合会。

Breast cancer is a commonly known cancer type and the leading cause of cancer death among females. One of the unresolved problems in cancer treatment is the increased resistance of the tumor to existing treatments, which is a direct result of apoptotic defects. Calculating an alternative to cell death (autophagy) may be the ultimate solution to maximizing cancer cell death. Our aim in this study was to investigate the potential of free nanoparticles (un-drug-loaded) in the induction or inhibition of autophagy and consider this effect on the therapy process. When the studies met the inclusion criteria, the full texts of all relevant articles were carefully examined and classified. Of the 25 articles included in the analysis, carried out on MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-231-TXSA, MDA-MB-468, SUM1315, and 4T1 cell lines. Twenty in vitro studies and five in vivo/in vitro studies applied five different autophagy tests: Acridine orange, western blot, Cyto-ID Autophagy Detection Kit, confocal microscope, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Nanoparticles (NPs) in the basic format, including Ag, Au, Y2 O3 , Se, ZnO, CuO, Al, Fe, vanadium pentoxide, and liposomes, were prepared in the included articles. Three behaviors of NPs related to autophagy were seen: induction, inhibition, and no action. Screened and presented data suggest that most of the involved free NPs (metallic NPs) in this systematic review had reactive oxygen species-mediated pathways with autophagy induction (36%). Also, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways were mentioned in just four studies (16%). An impressive percentage of studies (31%) did not examine the NP-related autophagy pathway.© 2023 International Federation for Cell Biology.