肠道是最大的消化和吸收器官，对粘膜和全身免疫应答的诱导以及代谢-免疫稳态的维持至关重要。肠道组成包括上皮层、基质细胞、免疫细胞和肠系膜神经系统（ENS），以及诸如肠道微生物群、代谢产物和营养物等外部因素。肠道微环境的不稳态会引发异常的肠道发育和功能，甚至包括增生、炎症和肿瘤等结肠疾病。多项最近的研究已经发现ENS在维持胃肠道（GI）微环境免疫稳态中起着关键作用。ENS与免疫细胞之间的相互作用，主要包括巨噬细胞、T细胞和固有淋巴细胞（ILCs），在肠道组织的编程、稳态、功能和炎症中发挥重要调控作用。在本综述中，我们主要总结ENS与免疫细胞在肠道发育和疾病进展期间在肠道稳态中的关键作用，为以ENS为潜在新靶点开展胃肠道疾病的免疫治疗提供理论基础和思路。© 2023出版的《科学中国(中国科学报)》。

The gut is the largest digestive and absorptive organ, which is essential for induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses, and maintenance of metabolic-immune homeostasis. The intestinal components contain the epithelium, stromal cells, immune cells, and enteric nervous system (ENS), as well as the outers, such as gut microbiota, metabolites, and nutrients. The dyshomeostasis of intestinal microenvironment induces abnormal intestinal development and functions, even colon diseases including dysplasia, inflammation and tumor. Several recent studies have identified that ENS plays a crucial role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of gastrointestinal (GI) microenvironment. The crosstalk between ENS and immune cells, mainly macrophages, T cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), has been found to exert important regulatory roles in intestinal tissue programming, homeostasis, function, and inflammation. In this review, we mainly summarize the critical roles of the interactions between ENS and immune cells in intestinal homeostasis during intestinal development and diseases progression, to provide theoretical bases and ideas for the exploration of immunotherapy for gastrointestinal diseases with the ENS as potential novel targets.© 2023. Science China Press.