横纹肌溶解综合征是由于各种原因引起的肌肉组织分解和坏死，导致细胞内物质释放进入血液循环，可引起急性肾功能衰竭甚至死亡。在本文中，我们首次报道了一个小细胞肺癌（SCLC IIIb）患者通过依托泊苷-奈达铂化疗引起的严重横纹肌溶解症的病例报告。患者在首个化疗周期后出现进行性全身肌肉疼痛和无力，伴随肌酸激酶（CK），肌红蛋白（Mb），丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT），天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）水平升高。通过检查和询问病史，排除了外伤、剧烈运动、感染、药物、高热和免疫等原因引起的横纹肌溶解症；患者被诊断出为化疗引起的严重横纹肌溶解症。经过静脉注射液体和甲泼尼龙治疗，患者症状缓解，实验室检查结果显著改善。出人意料的是，肺CT扫描显示肺肿块明显小于化疗前；原因尚不明确。由抗癌药物、尤其是化疗药物引起的横纹肌溶解症很少报道，很容易被忽视。因此，在使用化疗药物时，医生应当注意这种罕见但潜在严重的并发症。Copyright © 2023 Xu, Wu, Zhang and Wang.

Rhabdomyolysis syndrome refers to the breakdown and necrosis of muscle tissue due to various reasons and caused by the release of intracellular contents into the blood stream, which can lead to acute renal failure or even death. In this article, we describe for the first time a case report of severe rhabdomyolysis induced by etoposide-nedaplatin chemotherapy in a small cell lung cancer (SCLC IIIb) patient. The patient developed progressive general muscle pain and weakness after the first cycle of chemotherapy, accompanied by elevated creatine kinase (CK), myoglobin (Mb), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), spartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Examination of and inquiry regarding the medical history were used to exclude various factors of rhabdomyolysis caused by trauma, strenuous activities, infections, drugs, hyperthermia, and immunity; the patient was diagnosed with severe rhabdomyolysis induced by chemotherapy. After treatment with intravenous fluids and methylprednisolone, the patient's symptoms were relieved and laboratory results were significantly improved. An unexpected situation arose, in that the lung CT scan showed that the lung mass was significantly smaller than that before chemotherapy; the reason for this is not clear. Rhabdomyolysis induced by anti-cancer drugs, especially chemotherapy drugs, is rarely reported and easily overlooked. Therefore, physicians should be aware of this rare but potentially serious complication when using chemotherapy drugs.Copyright © 2023 Xu, Wu, Zhang and Wang.