母体微生物群是婴儿肠道微生物的初次接种，围产期因素（孕期饮食和使用抗生素）和/或新生儿因素，如产时抗生素、妊娠年龄和分娩方式，可能影响微生物的定居。出生后，当主要的定居发生时，微生物多样性增加，并在第一3-5岁时趋于稳定成人样的微生物组。然而，在早期生活中，肠道微生物群可以被其他出生后因素如婴儿喂养方式、抗生素使用以及各种环境因素所破坏，导致菌群紊乱状态。已有报道称肠道菌群紊乱会增加坏死性小肠结肠炎和一些慢性疾病，如肥胖症、糖尿病、癌症、过敏和哮喘等的风险。因此，了解正确的母体到婴儿微生物转移和良好的婴儿早期定植与发育将减少早期和晚期疾病的风险。本文对早期肠道微生物组发展的已发表的证据进行综述，以及影响其演化的不同因素，包括孕期和出生后头几个月的饮食和营养。版权所有©2023 Suárez-Martínez, Santaella-Pascual, Yagüe-Guirao and Martínez-Graciá。

Maternal microbiota forms the first infant gut microbial inoculum, and perinatal factors (diet and use of antibiotics during pregnancy) and/or neonatal factors, like intra partum antibiotics, gestational age and mode of delivery, may influence microbial colonization. After birth, when the principal colonization occurs, the microbial diversity increases and converges toward a stable adult-like microbiota by the end of the first 3-5 years of life. However, during the early life, gut microbiota can be disrupted by other postnatal factors like mode of infant feeding, antibiotic usage, and various environmental factors generating a state of dysbiosis. Gut dysbiosis have been reported to increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis and some chronic diseases later in life, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, allergies, and asthma. Therefore, understanding the impact of a correct maternal-to-infant microbial transfer and a good infant early colonization and maturation throughout life would reduce the risk of disease in early and late life. This paper reviews the published evidence on early-life gut microbiota development, as well as the different factors influencing its evolution before, at, and after birth, focusing on diet and nutrition during pregnancy and in the first months of life.Copyright © 2023 Suárez-Martínez, Santaella-Pascual, Yagüe-Guirao and Martínez-Graciá.