随着免疫疗法的加入，肺癌这种常见的高致死率癌症的治疗领域得到了拓宽。免疫检查点抑制剂在非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）治疗中显示出显著的疗效，并且现在被用作转移性疾病的一线治疗、无法手术切除的局部晚期疾病放疗后的巩固治疗、以及可手术切除和化疗后的辅助治疗。然而，在早期NSCLC患者中使用辅助和新辅助免疫疗法仍然存在争议。我们将在此讨论几个方面，包括单药治疗的初始疗效，联合化疗的疗效，与免疫疗法相关的生物标志物，不良反应，正在进行的随机对照试验，以及早期NSCLC免疫疗法的当前问题和未来发展方向。

With the addition of immunotherapy, lung cancer, one of the most common cancers with high mortality rates, has broadened the treatment landscape. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are now used as the first-line therapy for metastatic disease, consolidation therapy after radiotherapy for unresectable locally advanced disease, and adjuvant therapy after surgical resection and chemotherapy for resectable disease. The use of adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapy in patients with early-stage NSCLC, however, is still debatable. We will address several aspects, namely the initial efficacy of monotherapy, the efficacy of combination chemotherapy, immunotherapy-related biomarkers, adverse effects, ongoing randomized controlled trials, and current issues and future directions for immunotherapy in early-stage NSCLC will be discussed here.