分子生物学的核心范式在过去的十年里发生了突破性的发现，即基因表达涉及更复杂的癌症发病生理功能。MicroRNAs (miRNAs) 是调节基因表达的短链非编码RNA，影响了癌症发展中与维持增殖信号、躲避细胞死亡、侵袭、血管生成以及转移有关的关键分子途径。miRNA的表达在人类癌症中通过多种过程失调，包括miRNA基因扩增或缺失，错误的miRNA转录调控，失调的表观遗传变化以及miRNA生物合成机制的缺陷。因此，目前癌症治疗干预的进展侧重于调控miRNA水平。然而，miRNA疗法的传递方式和当前的管理仍然有许多需要解决的问题之一。在这里，我们提供了一份综合性的迷你综述，概述了miRNA在癌症中的作用以及其传递方式，包括脂质体、病毒载体、基于无机物质的纳米颗粒和细胞源性膜囊泡。同样地，我们还详细讨论了miRNA在其他疾病中的调节以及在转化研究中所面临的挑战。

The central dogma of molecular biology was no longer "central" after ground-breaking discoveries conveyed gene expression involves more complex physiological functions in cancer pathogenesis over the last decade. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNA that regulate gene expression, affecting key molecular pathways involved in sustaining the proliferative signalling for tumour development, evasion of cellular death, invasion, angiogenesis, as well as metastasis in a plethora of cancer types. MiRNA expression is dysregulated in human cancer through a number of processes, including miRNA gene amplification or deletion, faulty miRNA transcriptional regulation, dysregulated epigenetic alterations, and flaws in the miRNA biogenesis machinery. As a result, the current progress of treatment intervention focuses on modifying the miRNA levels in cancer therapeutics. Nevertheless, the mode of delivery and current management of miRNA therapies remains one of the many questions that need to be addressed. Here, we provided a comprehensive mini-review outlining the role of miRNA in cancer as well as its mode of delivery which includes liposomes, viral vectors, inorganic material-based nanoparticles, and cell-derived membrane vesicles. Likewise, the regulation of miRNA in other diseases and their challenges in translational research was also thoroughly discussed.