内脏利什曼病（VL）是由利什曼原虫属引起的传染病。非地方病区观察到零星病例，通常与有限的病灶相关，因此这种疾病容易被忽视。此外，其他疾病具有类似的临床症状，这使得临床医生很难做出准确的诊断并提供有效的治疗。我们在塞内加尔的皮基恩诊所诊断出一名4岁儿童的内脏利什曼病。患者因出血、肿瘤和感染综合症入住皮基恩国家教学医院。入院时，患者出现鼻出血和牙龈出血，出现严重的贫血综合征，全身炎症反应综合征，体温达到39.5℃，肿瘤综合征，肝脏肿大11厘米，脾脏肿大IV度12厘米，以及非炎症性巨大淋巴结增大。进行了脊髓穿刺，并对样品进行GIEMSA染色后进行了直接显微镜检查，发现利什曼原虫的阿马斯蒂戈形式。从骨髓穿刺中提取的DNA进行PCR扩增，并使用VL的特异引物（正向和反向引物）确认VL是造成感染的原因。使用胍巴溴铵（Glucantime）进行治疗，其疗效显著，临床症状缓解，并有3个月的良好后继发展。结论。这个内脏利什曼病病例的诊断在塞内加尔表明，除了血液恶性肿瘤外，还必须考虑肿瘤综合征、出血综合征和感染综合征。版权所有 © 2023 Magatte Ndiaye et al.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Sporadic cases are observed in nonendemic areas and often associated with limited foci; therefore, the disease is easily overlooked. In addition, other diseases have similar clinical symptoms, which make it difficult for clinicians to make an accurate diagnosis and to provide effective treatment. We identified visceral leishmaniasis in a 4-year-old child in Pikine, Senegal. The patient was admitted to the Pikine National Teaching Hospital for haemorrhagic, tumoral, and infectious syndromes. At admission, the patient presented with epistaxis and gingivorrhagia, a severe anaemic syndrome poorly tolerated, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with fever at 39.5°C, a tumoral syndrome with 11 cm of hepatomegaly and 12 cm of type IV splenomegaly, and noninflammatory macropoly adenopathies. A spinal cord puncture was performed, and direct microscopy examination of the sample after GIEMSA staining revealed amastigote forms of Leishmania. The PCR amplification of extracted DNA from the bone marrow aspiration using specific primers for VL (forward and reverse) confirmed that VL was responsible for the infection. A treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) was given and it gave a successful outcome with remission of clinical symptoms and favourable evolution with 3 months hindsight. Conclusion. This visceral leishmaniasis case diagnosis in Senegal has shown that, apart from haematological malignancies, this disease must be considered in combination with a tumor syndrome, haemorrhagic syndrome, and infectious syndrome.Copyright © 2023 Magatte Ndiaye et al.