男性生殖健康完全依赖于特定的生殖细胞，即精子的适当成熟。某些疾病，如氏-克兰费尔特综合症、睾丸未降、雄激素不敏感综合症或男性生殖器官未成熟等，会导致精细胞丧失以及Y染色体上重要基因的丧失，进而引起非梗阻性无精症。根据实验室研究，保留、增殖、分化和移植精子干细胞或睾丸组织可能成为未来保存癌症患儿和无精症男性生育能力的方法。因此，干细胞研究的新进展可能会为治疗男性不育症提供有希望的治疗方案。体外精子发生的进展和突破速度比精子干细胞移植要慢，但也正在开发新的方法。在这方面，组织和细胞培养、补充剂和三维支架在体外干细胞分化方面开辟了新的前景，这可能会改善男性不育症的治疗效果。已经开发出各种三维方法来产生细胞聚集体，并模拟睾丸的组织结构和功能。制作一个支持精子干细胞分化的人工生殖器官必将是男性不育症治疗的重要一步。© 2023. 作者，独家授权给施普林格-威尔纳德高级信息服务有限公司，施普林格自然全球一部分。

Men's reproductive health exclusively depends on the appropriate maturation of certain germ cells known as sperm. Certain illnesses, such as Klinefelter syndrome, cryptorchidism, and syndrome of androgen insensitivity or absence of testis maturation in men, resulting in the loss of germ cells and the removal of essential genes on the Y chromosome, can cause non-obstructive azoospermia. According to laboratory research, preserving, proliferating, differentiating, and transplanting spermatogonial stem cells or testicular tissue could be future methods for preserving the fertility of children with cancer and men with azoospermia. Therefore, new advances in stem cell research may lead to promising therapies for treating male infertility. The rate of progression and breakthrough in the area of in vitro spermatogenesis is lower than that of SSC transplantation, but newer methods are also being developed. In this regard, tissue and cell culture, supplements, and 3D scaffolds have opened new horizons in the differentiation of stem cells in vitro, which could improve the outcomes of male infertility. Various 3D methods have been developed to produce cellular aggregates and mimic the organization and function of the testis. The production of an artificial reproductive organ that supports SSCs differentiation will certainly be a main step in male infertility treatment.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.