mRNA疫苗已成为预防和治疗疾病的高效策略，这在很大程度上要归功于它们在近年来对全球COVID-19疫情的非凡表现，尽管不完全。相比于其他疫苗，mRNA疫苗在疗效、安全性和大规模生产方面具有巨大优势，这促使制药行业和生物技术公司将其应用扩展到各种疾病，尽管设计、制造和给药方式中存在一些不可忽略的问题。本综述深入探讨了mRNA疫苗的技术基础，包括mRNA的设计、合成、传递和辅助技术。此外，本综述以一种逻辑清晰、组织有序的方式，对各种疾病中应用的代表性mRNA疫苗进行了系统的回顾性分析，从感染性疾病、癌症、免疫性疾病、组织损伤和罕见疾病等方面展示了mRNA疫苗在不同治疗领域的多功能性和潜力。此外，本综述还就当前挑战和mRNA疫苗进展和应用的潜在方向进行了前瞻性讨论。总体而言，这篇全面综述为研究人员、临床医生和行业专业人士提供了有关mRNA疫苗技术方面、历史背景和未来前景的全面理解，是一份有价值的资源，在对抗各种疾病的斗争中具有重要作用。© 2023. 四川大学华西医院。

mRNA vaccines have emerged as highly effective strategies in the prophylaxis and treatment of diseases, thanks largely although not totally to their extraordinary performance in recent years against the worldwide plague COVID-19. The huge superiority of mRNA vaccines regarding their efficacy, safety, and large-scale manufacture encourages pharmaceutical industries and biotechnology companies to expand their application to a diverse array of diseases, despite the nonnegligible problems in design, fabrication, and mode of administration. This review delves into the technical underpinnings of mRNA vaccines, covering mRNA design, synthesis, delivery, and adjuvant technologies. Moreover, this review presents a systematic retrospective analysis in a logical and well-organized manner, shedding light on representative mRNA vaccines employed in various diseases. The scope extends across infectious diseases, cancers, immunological diseases, tissue damages, and rare diseases, showcasing the versatility and potential of mRNA vaccines in diverse therapeutic areas. Furthermore, this review engages in a prospective discussion regarding the current challenge and potential direction for the advancement and utilization of mRNA vaccines. Overall, this comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and industry professionals, providing a comprehensive understanding of the technical aspects, historical context, and future prospects of mRNA vaccines in the fight against various diseases.© 2023. West China Hospital, Sichuan University.