肝细胞癌（HCC）是全球第七种最常见的恶性肿瘤，并且是第二种最常见的死亡原因。HCC的发展涉及复杂的通路，通过多阶段生物学过程发生。非酒精性脂肪肝病、代谢相关脂肪肝病、酒精性肝病、自身免疫性肝炎、乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎是HCC的病因。HCC的发展是由于表观遗传变化、蛋白编码基因突变和改变的信号通路。生物标志物和HCC的潜在治疗靶点为治疗该疾病提供了新的可能性。免疫检查点抑制剂与分子靶向治疗的联合应用是治疗选择的一部分。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the seventh most highly prevalent malignant tumor globally and the second most common cause of mortality. HCC develops with complex pathways that occur through multistage biological processes. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C are the causative etiologies of HCC. HCC develops as a result of epigenetic changes, protein-coding gene mutations, and altered signaling pathways. Biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for HCC open up new possibilities for treating the disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are included in the treatment options in combination with molecular targeted therapy.