新一代癌症早期筛查测试具有显著的潜力，能够改变癌症早期筛查的范式。目前正在开发和评估数十种癌症早期筛查测试。其中一些已经商业化，并可供使用，大多数用作现有推荐的癌症筛查测试的补充，而不是替代品。本综述评估了现有的单癌和多癌早期筛查测试（MCEDs），讨论了它们的性能特征，包括灵敏度、特异性、阳性和阴性预测值以及准确性。同时，还对这些测试可能产生的潜在危害进行了批判性的分析，包括假阳性和假阴性结果、过度诊断和过度治疗的风险、心理和经济危害以及扩大癌症不平等的风险。此外，我们还综述了在美国和英国启动的大规模人群研究，以确定MCED对临床相关结局的影响以及对当前实践的意义。《医学年度综述》第75卷的预计最终在线出版日期为2024年1月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates 了解修订后的估计时间。

The new generation of cancer early detection tests holds remarkable promise for revolutionizing and changing the paradigm of cancer early detection. Dozens of cancer early detection tests are being developed and evaluated. Some are already commercialized and available for use, most as a complement to and not in place of existing recommended cancer screening tests. This review evaluates existing single- and multi-cancer early detection tests (MCEDs), discussing their performance characteristics including sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy. It also critically looks at the potential harms that could result from these tests, including false positive and negative results, the risk of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, psychological and economic harms, and the risk of widening cancer inequities. We also review the large-scale, population-based studies that are being launched in the United States and United Kingdom to determine the impact of MCEDs on clinically relevant outcomes and implications for current practice. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Medicine, Volume 75 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.